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Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. Ill 



Series 0, Underground Waters, 29 



DEPARTMENT OE THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVBTY 

CHARLES n. WALCOTT, Director 



PRELIMINARY REPORT 



Underground Waters of Washington 



HENRY LANDES 




WASHINGTON. 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
19 05 



JBLICATIONS OP UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports; (2) Mono- 
graphs; (3) Professional Papers; (4) Bulletins; (5) Mineral Resources; (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation 
Papers; (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States, folios and separate sheets thereof; (8) Geologic 
Atlas of the United States, folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publi- 
cation; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the 
total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, Eco- 
nomic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography 
and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irriga- 
tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investiga- 
tions; N, Water power; O, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. 

The following Water-Supply Papers are out of stock, and can no longer be supplied: Nos. 1-16, 
19, 20, 22, 29-34, 36, 39, 40, 43, 46, 57-65, 75. Complete lists of papers relating to water supply and allied 
subjects follow. (PP= Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS= Water-Supply Paper.) 

Series I— Irrigation. 

WS 2. Irrigation near Phoenix, Ariz., by A. P. Davis. 1897. 98 pp., 31 pis. and maps. 

WS 5. Irrigation practice on the Great Plains, by E. B. Cowgill. 1897. 39 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Colo., by David Boyd. 1897. 90 pp., 21 pis. 

WS 10. Irrigation in Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 51 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 13. Irrigation systems in Texas, by W. F. Hutson. 1898. 68 pp., 10 pis. 

WS 17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 96 pp., 16 pis. 

WS 18. Irrigation near Fresno, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 94 pp., 14 pis. 

WS 19. Irrigation near Merced, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1899. 59 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 23. Water-right problems of Bighorn Mountains, by El wood Mead. 1899. 62 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 32. Water resources of Porto Rico, by H. M. Wilson. 1899. 48 pp., 17 pis. and maps. 

WS 43. Conveyance of water in irrigation canals, flumes, and pipes, by Samuel Fortier. 1901. 86 

pp., 15 pis. 
WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles, Wyoming, by 

G. I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. 
WS 71. Irrigation systems of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1902. 137 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 74. Water resources of the State of Colorado, by A. L. Fellows. 1902. 151 pp., 14 pis. 
WS 87. Irrigation in India (second edition), by H. M. Wilson. 1903. 238 pp., 27 pis. 
WS 93. Proceedings of first conference of engineers of the reclamation service, with accompanying 

papers, compiled by F. H. Newell, chief engineer. 1904. 361 pp. 
The following papers also relate especially to irrigation: Irrigation in India, by H. M. Wilson, in 
Twelfth Annual, Pt. II; two papers on irrigation engineering, by H. M. Wilson, in Thirteenth 
Annual, Pt. III. 

Series J— Water Storage. 



WS 33. Storage of water on Gila River, Arizona, by J. B. Lippincott. 1900. 98 pp., 33 pis. 

WS 40. The Austin dam, by Thomas U. Taylor. 1900. 51 pp., 16 pis. 

WS 45. Water storage on Cache Creek, California, by A. E. Chandler. 1901. 48 pp., 10 pis. 

WS 46. Physical characteristics of Kern River, California, by F. H. Olmsted, and Reconnaissance of 

Yuba River, California, by Marsden Man.son. 1901. 57 pp., 8 pis. 
WS 58. Storage of water on Kings River, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1902. 100 pp., 32 pis. 
WS 68. Water storage in Truckee Basin, California-Nevada, by L. H. Taylor. 1902. 90 pp., 8 pis. 
WS 73. Water storage on Salt River, Arizona, by A. P. Davis. 1902. 54 pp., 25 pis. 
WS 86. Storage reservoirs on Stony Creek, California, by Burt Cole. 1903. 62 pp., 16 pis. 
WS 89. Water resources of Salinas Valley, California, by Homer Hamlin. 1904. 91 pp., 12 pis. 
WS 93. Proceedings of first conference of engineers of the reclamation service, with accompanying 

papers, compiled by F. H. Newell, chief engineer. 1904. 361 pp. 
The following paper also should be noted under this heading: Reservoirs for irrigation, by J. D. 
Schuyler, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV. 



[Continued on third page of cover.] 



IKR 111—2 



Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. Ill 



Series 0, Underground Waters, 29 



DEPARTMENT OF THE [NTERIOP. 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 



it 



PRELIMINARY REPORT 



Underground Waters of Washington 



HENRY E ANDES 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
19 5 

Ccky z 



I 

77 2. - ■ - 



MAR 29 1905 
D.ofD, 



w 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

1 A'tter of transmittal 5 

Introduction 7 

Adams County 7 

Asotin County 9 

Chehalis County 10 

Chelan County 12 

Clallam County 1 3 

Clarke County 15 

Columbia County 16 

Cowlitz County 16 

Douglas County 17 

Franklin County 20 

Jefferson County 21 

King County 22 

Kitsap County 27 

Kittitas County 28 

Klickitat County 80 

Lewis County 32 

Lincoln County 33 

Mason County ' 35 

Okanogan County , 36 

Pacific County _ . .• 37 

Pierce County 38 

San Juan County 41 

Skagit County 42 

Skamania County 44 

Snohomish County 45 

Spokane County 47 

Stevens County 50 

Thurston County 52 

Walla walla County 53 

Whatcom County : 55 

Whitman County 57 

Yakima County 60 

Tables of deep wells, municipal water supplies, and representative springs ... 65 

Index 83 



ILLUSTRATION. 



Page. 
Plate I. Chart showing mean annual precipitation in Washington 7 

3 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Department of the Interior, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, I). 0., May 4, 1904.. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication in the 
series of Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, a preliminary report 
descriptive of the underground waters in the State of Washington, 
prepared by Mr. Henry Landes under the direction of Mr. N. H. 
Darton, geologist in charge of the western section of hydrology. 

It is believed that the report is a valuable contribution to the knowl- 
edge of the water resources of the State. 

Very respectfully, F. H. Newell, 

Hydrograjmer in charge. 
Hon. Charles D. Walcott, 

Director United States Geological Survey. 

5 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




Mean total precipitation 



MAP OF W 

SHOWING MEAN T 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. Ill PL . I 




HINGTO.N 

L PRECIPITATION 

\XI)KS 



i i lorrected lo 1 ►eceirrtier, L898 



so yo 100 uo miles 



PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE UNDERGROUND 
WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 



By Henry Landes. 



INTRODUCTION. 

This report contains a brief account of the water resources of Wash- 
ington as represented by municipal supplies, deep wells, and springs. 
For each county a general statement is made, giving the location, rain- 
fall, and most striking features of topograph}^ and geology. Following 
this are detailed statements which give data concerning the municipal 
systems, deep wells, and springs, and which have been secured entirely 
by correspondence. The blanks sent to the clerks or other officials of 
the cities and towns regarding municipal water supplies were practi- 
cally all tilled out and returned, so that this information is complete to 
the present time. The blanks for the deep wells were not returned as 
generally as was desired, but almost every section of the State where 
such wells occur is represented, and those described may be taken as 
types of their kind in each county. Springs occur so very generally 
throughout the State that only a small fraction of them may be said 
to be represented in the blanks filled out and returned, but, as in the 
case of the wells, those mentioned are typical of their class, and it is 
only necessary to recall that the number given in every county may be 
multiplied many times. Every effort has been made to eliminate 
inaccuracies. 

No general statements are made concerning the rainfall, topography, 
and geology of the State as a whole, since these are given for each 
county. A rainfall map is included in order to show at a glance what 
the precipitation is in any section, also the contrasts between one part 
of the State and another. 

ADAMS COUNTY. 

General statement.— Adams County lies south and east of the cen- 
tral part of the State, on the line of the Northern Pacific Railway, 
between Columbia River and Spokane. The topography is that of a 
gently sloping plain, descending from a height of 1,900 feet in the 

7 



8 UNDEBGKOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

northeast corner to 700 or 800 feet in the southwestern part as 
Columbia River is approached. The plain-like character of the sur- 
face is modified by occasional valleys locally known as "coulees." 
The drainage is to the south and the southwest, toward Snake and 
Columbia rivers. Cow Creek is the principal stream; the other 
streams as a rule are intermittent and are active only in the late winter 
and spring months. 

This county lies within the dry region of central Washington, where 
the precipitation is light and is confined to the winter and spring 
months. In the western half of the county the average yearly rainfall 
is 10 inches or a little less, while in the eastern half it is from 10 to 15 
inches. There is a regular increase in the amount of rainfall with the 
increase in elevation, and hence the precipitation is greater in the 
northeastern part of the county than in the southwestern portion, and 
there is more rain in uplands than in the valleys. 

The Columbia River lava, or basalt, is the principal rock in Adams 
County. It forms the bed rock everywhere except in the southwest 
corner, where the Ellensburg beds, composed of sands and clays, appear. 
As a rule the rocks are covered with a thick coating of soil, the 
exceptions being the valley sides and occasionally the valley bottoms. 
The soil is fine grained, of good quality, and very productive when 
supplied with the proper amount of moisture. Grazing and wheat 
raising are carried on very successfully in nearly all parts of the 
county. 

Despite the small rainfall, there is little or no difficulty in securing 
a good supply of water for domestic purposes. At depths of from 
300 to 500 feet wells yield large quantities of good water. The 
water-bearing strata are usually layers of very porous or Cellular 
basalt. Wherever such layers outcrop along the border of a valley, 
springs are commonly found. 

Municipal systems. — Ritzville is the only town in the county reported 
as having a water-supply system. The water is obtained from a well 
having a depth of 385 feet. In this way a supply of good water is 
secured. The water level in the well does not vary during the day or 
year and is not affected by pumping. The water is pumped into res- 
ervoirs and is distributed by gravity throughout the town. Besides 
serving as a domestic supply, the water is used in irrigating the lawns 
and gardens. 

Deep wells.— Besides the well which supplies Ritzville, another deep 
well has been drilled at the same place by the Northern Pacific Railway 
Company. This well has a diameter of 8 inches and a depth of 355 
feet. The water column stands at a height of about 240 feet. There, 
is no variation in the water level during the day or year, and it is 
affected slightly by pumping. It is used by the railway to obtain 
water for locomotives. 



landes.] ASOTIN COUNTY. 9 

At Cunningham a well has been drilled )>y Thomas and James 
O'Hair. This well has a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 426 feet. 
The water column stands at a height of 356 feet and remains station- 
ary throughout the year. This well was drilled at a cost of $1,066. 
A wind pump was erected at a cost of $290. The above wells serve 
as a type for those of Adams County. 

Springs. — As a type of the springs found in Adams County, the one 
owned by G. W. Bassett, near Washtuena, may be noted. The water 
issues as a stream from the honeycombed or porous basalt, and varies 
but little in quantity during- the year. It is sufficient to supply the 
town of Washtuena, and some of it is used for irrigating purposes 
as well. The water is soft, carries no sediment, and has no unpleasant 
taste. 

Along Cow Creek, a tributary of Palouse River, in the eastern part 
of the county, there are a number of good springs. 

ASOTIN COUNTY. 

General statement. — -Asotin County lies in the extreme southeast 
corner of the State. It is in the main a plateau region, deeply dissected 
by canyons. The higher parts of the plateau have an elevation of 
about 5,000 feet above sea. The canyon of the Snake, along the east- 
ern and a part of the northern boundaries of the county, has a depth 
of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Leading into the larger canyon from the 
southwest are the smaller canyons of Grande Ronde River and Asotin 
Creek. 

The average rainfall is 25 inches and is sufficient to afford an ample 
water supply. On the higher parts of the plateau the precipitation is 
sufficient to produce a forest growth of firs, pines, and other coniferous 
trees. On the lower parts of the plateau bunch grass grows luxuriantly 
and it is only in the deep valleys that irrigation is necessary. 

The bed rock is basalt, except in occasional instances where the 
streams have cut through the lava and exposed the underlying granites 
and other crystalline rocks. The soil is very thick and, since it is of 
basaltic origin, is of good quality. 

Only in the valleys has the county been settled to any degree. In 
the deeper valleys, as that of the Snake, irrigation is necessary in 
order to produce fruit, vegetables, and other products, but for this 
purpose there is an ample supply of water at hand. Water from 
Asotin Creek is used to irrigate a large area of fiat land at Clarkston, 
and a sagebrush plain has been converted into an oasis of alfalfa 
meadows, fruit orchards, and vegetable gardens. In the gravels and 
sands of the valleys good water may be had from wells that vary in 
depth from 20 to 50 feet. 

Municipal systems. — Asotin, the county seat, is situated on Snake 
River at the mouth of Asotin Creek. The water supply of the town 



10 UNDERGROUND WATERS OP WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

comes primarily from Asotin Creek, but some dependence is placed on 
wells and cisterns. The creek rises in the Blue Mountains and carries 
pure, clear water without any contamination. Besides serving as a 
domestic supply the water is used for the irrigation of lawns and gar- 
dens. The supply is sufficient for the present and in all probability 
for all future needs. 

Clarkston, on Snake River opposite Lewiston, also gets its supply 
of water from Asotin Creek. The water is carried by a flume 16 miles 
in length to a point on the hillside immediately above the town and 
from there is distributed by pipe lines. At present this forms the sole 
supply for the town, but a deep well is being bored as a possible addi- 
tional source of supply. An analysis of the water of Asotin Creek 
made by Professor Fulmer at Pullman on January 29, 1903, showed 
6.18 grains of solid matter in each gallon of water. The solid matter 
was found to be wholly free from objectionable qualities. 

Along Snake River, especially in the vicinity of Asotin, are a number 
of wells which range in depth from 20 to 35 feet. The water is 
obtained from gravel and sand and is of good quality. This water 
supply is intimately connected with the river, as the water in the wells 
and in the river is always at the same level. 

CHEHALIS COUNTY. 

General statement. — Chehalis County lies on the western border of 
the State, fronting the Pacific Ocean. The coast line here is irregular, 
the most marked indentation being Grays Harbor. From the narrow 
b&lt of sand dunes along the coast the surface rises by irregular hills 
until the low mountains of the Coast Range are encountered on the 
eastern border of the county. Chehalis and Queniult rivers flow in 
broad valleys from east to west across the county. The region between 
these streams is drained by Humptulips River, which flows south- 
west and empties into Grays Harbor. 

Along the coast the yearly rainfall averages about 90 inches, but 
inland it decreases gradually, dropping to 65 inches at the extreme 
eastern edge of the county. Practically the whole county is covered 
with a luxuriant growth of vegetation, the only exceptions being the 
small areas of outwash glacial gravels, commonly known as " prairies," 
where but few trees have yet begun to grow. 

The rocks of Chehalis County as far as known are of Tertiary age. 
Marine Eocene fossils have been identified at Porter and Elma, in the 
eastern part of the county, and marine Pliocene fossils have been 
found at Granville, at the mouth of Queniult River. The Tertiary 
rocks are chiefly clastic, consisting of beds of clay, sand, and gravel. 
Occasionally they contain a small igneous dike, usually of basalt. 
Nearly all of the county north of Grays Harbor and Chehalis River 



LANDES.] CHKHALIS COUNTY. 11 

has been glaciated, and the glacial till, with layers of sand and gravel, 
is very thick. 

The very heavy rainfall yields an abundant supply of water for 
every purpose. The lakes and the deep porous soil are great storage 
reservoirs, which feed the streams at all seasons and give them an 
even How. The only contamination is due to the decay of vegetal 
matter in the streams and lakes. In the glacial sediments and in the 
gravels and sands of the river valleys excellent water may be had 
from wells of moderate depth. It is not likely that deep wells will 
ever be necessary in order to afford a supply of water in any part of 
the county. Since the sedimentary rocks above mentioned are known 
to be folded, it is possible that artesian basins have been formed, within 
which flowing wells may be secured by drilling. 

Municipal systems. — Aberdeen, at the head of Grays Harbor, gets 
its supply of water from a creek. The quantity obtained in this way 
is hardly sufficient for present needs, and water from another creek 
near by will soon be used. The system of waterworks used is that of 
direct pressure. As a rule the wells do not yield good water, since 
in digging them marine deposits of mud and sand are penetrated. 

A sanitary analysis of the Aberdeen city water was made April 14, 
1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, with the 
following result: 

Analysis of water from city well at Aberdeen. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 75. 69 

Volatile solids 12. 50 

Nonvolatile solids 63. 19 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates 090 

Nitrogen as free ammonia None. 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 021 

Oxygen consumed 966 

Chlorine 6. 50 

The water supply of Cosmopolis is obtained chiefly from wells, but 
in part from some creeks owned by the Grays Harbor Commercial 
Company. From the creeks to the town a gravity system of water- 
works has been installed. The water is soft, of good quality, and is 
ample for present needs and probably for all future demands. 

Hoquiam, on Grays Harbor, secures its water supply from the 
headwaters of Little Hoquiam River, which affords a supply of good 
water sufficient for present and future needs. The water is pumped 
into a reservoir and then distributed by gravity. Besides serving the 
domestic demands the water is also used as a boiler supply. Practi- 
cally no wells are used in the city, especially in that part which is sit- 
uated on the tide flats. 

Montesano, the county seat of Chehalis County, obtains its water 
supply from some springs north of the city. The supply is suffi- 



12 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

cient for the present, but some other source may be necessary in 
the future. From the springs the water flows into a reservoir and 
is then distributed by gravity. The water is of good quality and 
there are no sources of contamination. In Montesano a few wells 
have been dug, usually about 35 feet in depth. The water-bearing 
stratum is gravel. The water from the wells is good and may be 
obtained in large quantities. The water level varies only in the dry 
summer months, when it falls somewhat. 

Ocosta, a town of about 300 inhabitants, on the southwest shore of 
Grays Harbor, obtains a town supply from wells and springs. The 
water is of good quality and ample for present needs. The wells have 
an average depth of 50 feet and the water is obtained from beds of 
sand. The sand is overlain by clay, so that there is no contamination 
from the surface. The water level in the wells is somewhat lower in 
summer than in winter. 

CHELAN COUNTY. 

General statement. — Chelan County lies a little north of the center 
of the State, and extends from the summit of the Cascade Mountains 
southeast to Columbia River. The topography is very rugged, since 
it includes some of the most broken parts of the Cascades. From the 
northwestern border of the county, which has an altitude of 7,000 to 
8,000 feet, the surface slopes southeastward to the Columbia, where the 
elevation is only about 700 feet above the sea. The streams flow in 
deep valleys or canyons, and the divides are very sharp and lined with 
rows of peaks. There are three prominent drainage sj^stems, all hav- 
ing northwest-southeast courses. Beginning at the north these are 
Stehekin River and Lake Chelan, Entiat River, and Wenatchee River. 

The rocks of Chelan Count}^ are mainly granites, gneisses, schists, 
and other crystallines. The principal exception is the sandstone of 
Eocene age in the southern part of the county. The sandstone is of 
lacustrine origin and forms a belt reaching from Wenatchee to Leav- 
enworth in an east- west course and from the southern border of the 
county northward for about 30 miles. 

The rainfall is greatest along the extreme western border, or in the 
region of the highest mountains, where it is from 40 to 60 inches a 
year. In the descent eastward it decreases rapidly until in the valley 
of the Columbia it averages but 15 inches yearly. In the mountains 
much of the precipitation is in the form of snow, and along the summit 
of the Cascades are many glaciers. The snow-fed mountain streams 
carry an abundance of the purest water, and in all parts of the county 
is an excellent water supply. On the alluvial fans and terraces along 
Columbia and Wenatchee rivers large tracts are now under successful 
irrigation, the water being supplied by the mountain streams. 



landed] CLALLAM COUNTY. 13 

Mii/ilrijHil si/sf, ms. — The town of Chelan has- obtained its water in 
part from springs and in part from Lake Chelan. A system of wain- 
works is now being installed whereby (In 1 water from the lake will be 
pumped into reservoirs and then be distributed throughout the town 
by gravity. As the water of the lake comes from the snow fields and 
streams of the high mountains, and is not contaminated, it is exceed- 
ingly pure and healthful. Besides serving as a domestic supply, a 
large amount of water will be used for irrigation within and about 
the town. Repeated efforts have been made to obtain water from 
wells, but although depths of 100 feet were reached no successful 
wells have been dug on the town site. 

Lakeside, at the southern end of Lake Chelan and near the town of 
Chelan, has in the past depended upon wells for its water supply. 
Like the town of Chelan, it has under construction a system of water- 
works which will draw- the supply from the lake. 

Wenatchee, the count}^ seat of Chelan County, situated on Columbia 
River at the mouth of the Wenatchee, obtains its supply of water 
from a creek which flows out from the Cascade Mountains. This sup- 
ply is sufficient for present needs, but must be supplemented by some- 
thing better in the future. Besides its use as a house supply, the 
water is extensively used for irrigating lawns, gardens, and orchards. 
There are no successful wells in the region about Wenatchee. 

Springs. — In the eastern part of the county a number of springs are 
employed for domestic supply and for irrigation. The spring owned 
by George Brisson, which may be regarded as a typical one, issues 
as a stream from a porous basaltic rock. The water is of good quality, 
carries no sediment, remains constant for the most part, but decreases 
somewhat in flow in the autumn. 

CLALLAM COUNTY. 

General statement. — Clallam County lies in the extreme north- 
west corner of the State, and has a frontage on both the Pacific Ocean 
and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It includes the northern half of 
the Olympic Mountains, the highest peak of which, Mount Olympus, 
stands on the southern border of the county. The Olympics are 
rugged, deeply dissected mountains, and reach outward almost to the 
coast, leaving a narrow belt of hills immediately along the shore. 
This belt is much wider along the Pacific coast than along the 
strait. The highest mountain paaks are from 6,000 to 8,000 feet 
above the sea. 

The greatest rainfall in the State is at Cape Flattery, where the aver- 
age for the year reaches 100 inches. From this point eastward 
the precipitation decreases regularly, until at the eastern border of the 
county it is from 20 to 30 inches per year. In the highest mountains 



14 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

much of the precipitation is in the form of snow, and the snow fields 
and glaciers serve as reservoirs from which the streams are fed during 
the summer months. The great abundance of pure mountain water 
will not only serve as an ample supply for all municipal and domestic 
requirements, but will afford excellent water power. All parts of the 
county except the highest mountains are densely forest clad, and the 
forests are eminently helpful in retarding the run-off and equalizing 
the flow of the streams from season to season. 

In a belt varying from 10 to 20 miles in width, extending along both 
the north and west coasts, the rocks are of Tertiary age and represent 
marine sediments. Eocene or Oligocene fossils have been identified 
along the Strait of Juan de Fuca between Twin River and Gettysburg, 
and fossils that are probably of upper Miocene age have been found 
near the mouth of the Quillayute River on the west coast. The Ter- 
tiary rocks are all sedimentary, consisting chiefly of conglomerates, 
sandstones, and shales. Within these rocks a good supply of water 
may be had from comparatively shallow wells. 

To the south and east of the belt of rocks above mentioned, within 
the higher Olympics, the rocks consist of schists, slates, and other 
metamorphics, with great intrusions and extrusions of igneous rocks. 
The age of these rocks and their relations to the sedimentaries above 
described have never been determined. Along the northern border 
of the county the glacial sediments are commonly very heavy, and 
from these it is usually easy to secure good water by means of wells 
from 20 to 40 feet in depth. There are many large lakes within the 
county, such as Ozette and Crescent, which are reservoirs of the pur- 
est water. Lake Crescent is a very deep lake, at the border line of 
the high mountains, with water of extraordinary blueness and purity. 

Municipal systems. — The water supply of Port Angeles, the county 
seat of Clallam County, comes in part from wells, but in the main is 
derived from Frazer Creek, which is a small stream rising in the 
Olympic foothills back of the town and flowing through the town site. 
About one-half of the water of the stream is taken out in pipes and 
distributed by gravity. As the water is often subject to contamina- 
tion, and is of insufficient quantity for the future, it affords a some- 
what unsatisfactory supply. A plan is on foot to secure water from 
Little River, which is within 6 miles of the city. This stream rises 
in the snow fields of the Olympic Mountains and carries a large volume 
of excellent water. The wells that have been dug about Port Angeles 
vary in depth from 12 to 40 feet. The water-bearing strata of sand 
and gravel are overlain by clay, which prevents contamination from 
the surface. The water level is lowered somewhat in the summer 
months, but for domestic uses the wells are never exhausted. 

Port Crescent, located on the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a few miles 
west of Port Angeles, secures its water supply mainly from wells, but 



landes.] CLARKE COUNTY. 15 

to a limited extent from a small lake. The wells range in depth from 
L6 to -Jo feet. Water is obtained from sandstone, which is overlain 
by a thin layer of soil. The water rises in the wells to within a few 
few feet of the surface, and the level is scarcely affected by pumping. 

CLARKE COUNT!'. 

General statement. — Clarke County is situated on the southwestern 
border line of the State, having Columbia River on its southern and 
western sides, Cowlitz County on the north, and Skamania County on 
tbe east. From a low plain along the Columbia the surface rises grad- 
ually to the foothills of the Cascades until the northeastern part of the 
count} 7 is reached, which presents a very broken appearance. The 
principal streams are the North and South forks of Lewis River, 
Salmon River, and Washougal River. 

The yearly rainfall of Clarke County varies in passing from west to 
east, but it may be said to average about 50 inches. The precipitation 
is nearl} 7 all in the form of rain, the elevation above sea not being 
sufficient to produce snow to any marked degree. 

The bed rock is mainly basalt, except in the northeastern portion of 
the county, where the metamorphic and granitic rocks of the Cascades 
prevail. The weathered basalt affords an excellent soil, and agricul- 
ture has come to be a very important industry. The soil has formed 
to such a depth that it contains a good water supply, and surface wells 
are therefore in common use. Along Columbia River are broad 
gravel terraces from which large quantities of water are obtained by 
means of springs and wells. The springs are common along the ter- 
race bases and often yield large amounts of water. The wells are 
from 25 to 75 feet in depth, and the water-bearing strata are usually 
overlain by clay, so that surface contamination is at a minimum. 

Municipal systems.- — Vancouver, the county seat, secures its water 
supply from 3 springs and 2 wells. The amount thus obtained is suffi- 
cient for present needs, and doubtless will be ample for some time to 
come. There are no sources of contamination, and the water is of 
excellent quality. A gravity system of waterworks is used. The 
wells about Vancouver range in depth from 30 to 75 feet. The water 
is found in a stratum of coarse gravel, which is overlain by clay. 
It rises to within 25 feet of the surface, and very little change in the 
level is noted from season to season. The water level is affected only 
to a slight degree by pumping. Besides its use for domestic purposes, 
the water system is drawn upon for fire protection, boiler supply, etc. 
An analysis of the water showed the total solids per gallon of water to 
be 10.05; organic matter per gallon, 0.60; hardness, 11.30. 

Springs. — Five miles east of Vancouver are 3 springs owned by the 
Vancouver Waterworks Company. The water flows out in streams 



16 UNDERGROUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

from a bed of gravel which outcrops upon a hillside. The flow varies 
slightly at different times, but is about 1,750,000 gallons daily. The 
water is soft, has a pleasant taste, and carries no sediment. 

COLUMBIA COUNTY. 

General statement.- — Columbia County lies between Wallawalla 
County, on the west, and Garfield County, on the east, and reaches from 
the Oregon line northward to Snake River. The southern part of the 
county lies within the broad plateau of the Blue Mountains, and has a 
height of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. The northern part 
is a region of high, rolling hills and deep ravines. Along the northern 
border Snake River flows in a canyon that has a depth of 1,000 to 
1,500 feet. 

The rainfall varies from 15 inches a year along Snake River to 25 
inches in the central and southern parts. In the Blue Mountains it is 
sufficient to produce a forest covering. In the northern part of the 
county the bunch grass which once grew so luxuriantly is fast giving 
way to wheat fields. In agriculture irrigation is necessary only along 
the benches or terraces of the Snake, where there are many fine fruit 
and alfalfa ranches. 

As far as known, there are no other rocks in the county save basalt. 
Some parts of the basalt are very vesicular or porous, and are com- 
monly water bearing. In digging wells an ample supply of good 
water is generally found within. 50 feet of the surface. On the hill- 
sides, wherever the porous basalt outcrops, springs may occur, and 
they are in common use as domestic water supplies. 

Municipal systems. — Dayton, the principal town and the county 
seat of Columbia County, obtains its water supply from springs. 
These afford a supply which will doubtless be ample for all time to 
come. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In a few instances 
water is obtained from private wells, which range in depth from 25 to 
50 feet. The water is found in very porous layers of basalt. In the 
wells the water level varies slightly with the seasons, but is not 
affected to any appreciable extent by pumping. 

Springs. — Near Dayton are the springs from which the city water 
supply is derived. The water seeps out from beds of gravel at the 
base of a hill. The amount of water varies considerably with the 
season, the flow being reduced in the dry summer months. The water 
is soft, and no deposits of mineral matter or sediments are found about 
the springs. 

COWLITZ COUNTY. 

General statement. — Cowlitz County is situated on the southwestern 
boundary of the State, north of Clarke County and Columbia River. 



landbs.] COWLITZ AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES. 17 

The western half of the county is composed of low irregular hills and 
broad stream valleys; the eastern half is very rough and broken, since 
it contains the foothills and outlying spurs of the Cascades. The 
principal streams are Cowlitz, Toutle, and Kalama rivers. 

The annual rainfall varies from 65 inches on the western margin to 
60 inches in the eastern part. Every part of the county is therefore 
well watered and heavily forested. There is sufficient water in the 
streams to supply any possible 1 municipal demands. On the terraces 
or benches of the larger streams good water is secured from wells at 
depths between 15 and 50 feet. 

In the northern and western parts of the county the prevailing 
rocks are shales and sandstones of Eocene age. Along Cowlitz River 
these rocks are coal bearing, and in the neighborhood of Castle Rock 
and Kelso coal mines have been in operation for some time. The soft 
coal measures have readily decomposed at the surface, and upon them 
is a residual soil many feet in thickness. From the soil or the porous 
rock below water in large quantities is readily obtained by wells of 
moderate depth. In the southeastern part of the county, in the 
vicinity of Kalama, the usual rock is basalt, and from it water is 
secured in wells averaging 25 feet in depth. 

Mimicipal systems. — Castle Rock obtains its water supply from a 
stream which rises in the foothills east of the town. This supply is 
sufficient for the present, but must be supplemented in the future by 
water from some other source. The water is brought from the stream 
in pipes and distributed by a gravity system. The wells in the vicinity 
of Castle Rock vary in depth from 15 to 20 feet. The water-bearing 
material is gravel. The height of the water column depends upon the 
stage of water in Cowlitz River near by, rising and falling with the 
river level. 

Kalama obtains its water by a gravity system from two creeks. 
The supply will doubtless have to be increased in the future. The 
water is very good, the only contamination being from a small amount 
of decaying vegetation. A few wells are used about Kalama, having 
an average depth of 25 feet. They are sunk in basalt and, as contam- 
ination may be entirely prevented, the water is very good. 

DOUGLAS COUNTY. 

General statement. — Douglas County is situated immediately east of 
the central part of the State, within what is commonly known as the 
"Big Bend' 1 of the Columbia. Its surface is that of a plateau, broken 
by the Badger Mountains in the western part and by the Saddle 
Mountains in the southern part, and sloping gently from north to 
south. Along its northern margin the plateau has an elevation of 
about 3,000 feet above sea level, which decreases to less than 1,000 

irk 111—05 2 



18 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

feet along the southern border of the county. Within the plateau are 
three notable canyons or deep clefts, namely, the present valley of 
the Columbia, and Moses and Grand coulees, the latter doubtless rep- 
resenting a former course of Columbia River. Several small creeks 
which enter Moses Coulee sink in the sand and do not form a main 
stream. In Grand Coulee is a chain of lakes, the largest being Blue 
and Moses lakes. Some of the lakes are fresh, but the majority are 
alkaline. 

Douglas County lies within the region of lowest rainfall in the 
State. In the northwestern part the average precipitation for the 
year is 15 inches; in the remainder of the county it is 10 inches or 
less. The precipitation is largely in the form of snow, especially 
where the elevation is greatest. There is no forest growth, and 
prairie conditions wholly prevail. In the highest portions of the 
county the bunch grass grows abundantly, and cattle raising is an 
important industry. Here also wheat may be grown successfully, 
and it has already come to be an important product. In the southern 
part of the county, where the rainfall is least, irrigation must be 
practiced in order to carry on agriculture. 

The bed rock is practically all basalt except a narrow fringe of 
granite which is exposed in the canyon walls of the Columbia, and 
some granite outcrops in the northern end of Grand Coulee. A small 
area of earty Tertiary sandstone underlies the basalt along Columbia 
River opposite Wenatchee, and late Tertiary lake beds covering a 
considerable area of the basalt in the southern part of the county 
should also be noted. From the basalt a very thick and tine -grained 
soil has been formed, which retains water to an unusual degree. In 
this way enough water is held within the soil after the winter precipi- 
tation to grow and mature the wheat during the coming spring and 
summer. Within the soil or the porous portions of the basalt below 
it is usually not difficult to secure a sufficient supply of water for 
house and farm purposes. Springs are more or less common through- 
out the count}^, more particularly at the bases of the cliffs along the 
Columbia and the coulees. Springs are largely the sources of the 
lakes mentioned above. 

Municipal systems. — The town of Wilsoncreek depends in the main 
upon wells for its supply of water, but a small stream is also used to 
some extent. The supply is barely sufficient for present needs, and 
another source must be sought in the future. While some of the wells 
have soft water, the others are slightly alkaline. They range in depth 
from 12 to 51 feet. The more shallow wells obtain water from beds 
of gravel, while the deeper wells enter the bed rock. The water level 
in the wells scarcety varies from season to season and is not ordinarily 
affected by pumping. 



i ami si DOUGLAS COUNTY. 19 

Grand Coulee, which has a northeast-southwest direction across the 
county, was in a former time occupied by Columbia River. Along 

the course of the coulee there is now a chain of shallow lakes, some of 
which are fresh, but the most of them are alkaline. The following 
descriptive matter concerning- two of them is taken from Vol. I. of 
the Annual Report, Washington Geological Survey, for L901. 

Moses Lake, which lies about 12 miles southeast of Ephrata, on the Greal 
Northern Railway, is about 18 miles long and a mile wide, and is very shallow. 
The average depth is approximately 20 feet. It lies in a shallow basin with low 
hanks, so that a rise of but a few feet would inundate a large section .of country. 
The water is unlit for drinking purposes, but is not strongly alkaline and could 
probably be used in irrigation. The section of country in which these lakes are 
located is of course very dry, and supports only a scanty vegetation. Where 
there is water, however, the soil is very fertile. The lake drains a large area 
through upper Crab Creek. It has no outlet, but across its foot lies a low range of 
sand hills through which the water seeps into the sources of lower Crab Creek, which 
occupies the bed of the canyon below. Along this canyon lie numerous shallow 
ponds which dry up in summer. The deposits left by these are not of any consider- 
able value, though they contain an appreciable quantity of borax. 

An interesting feature of Moses Lake is the fact that it is gradually rising, having 
risen about 10 feet in the last seven years. If it continues to rise through a few more 
feet it will break through a clear course into lower Crab Creek and empty into the 
Columbia. 

The analysis of the water of Moses Lake is as follows. The analysis is by H. G. 

Knight: 

[Paits per thousand.] 

Total solids 0. 32357 

Volatile solids , 10095 

Nonvolatile solids 22262 

Silica 01502 

Alumina and iron oxide 00331 

Calcium carbonate 06235 

Magnesium carbonate 07525 

Sodium sulphate 01258 

Sodium chloride 01895 

Sodium carbonate 10914 

More interesting is the so-called Soap Lake, or Sanitarium Lake, situated about 6 
miles north of Ephrata. This lake is so called because it is so strongly alkaline as to 
be soapy to the touch, and when a strong wind blows across it the water along the 
shore is beaten into great rolls of foam. Fish can not live in the water, nor is there 
any vegetation in this as in Moses Lake. The water is used for bathing, but to those 
not accustomed to its use the water has a slightly caustic or irritating effect. It is 
also claimed that it is useful medicinally. There is much of peculiar interest about 
the lake. It is about 2\ by three-fourths miles in extent and is very deep in places 
and probably averages about 40 feet. It drains only a very small area of country 
and has neither inlet nor outlet in the form of streams. It is located in a deep basin 
walled to the height of 100 feet or more on the east and west by cliffs of black 
basalt. The land to the north and south rises slowly; on the south to nearly the 
height of the cliffs, but on the north the rise is so slight that should the lake rise 
15 feet it would empty into the next of the chain of lakes to the north. The source 
of the water of the lake is said to be a spring in the center. The Indians of the 



20 



UNDEKGJROtnSlD WATEKS OF WASHINGTON. 



[NO. 111. 



neighborhood assert that only a few years since the lake was very small and was 
fed by this strongly alkaline spring. Fresh water is, however, continually seeping 
in from the shores, as is shown by the fact that fresh-water wells may be sunk even 
but a few feet from the shore, and that the cattle, disliking the strongly alkaline water, 
face the shore to obtain the sweeter seepage. 
The analysis of the water is as follows: 

[Parts per thousand.] 



Total solids . .. 28. 2669 

Volatile solids 62503 

Nonvolatile solids 27. 64186 

Silica..... 12816 

Alumina and iron oxide Trace. 

Calcium sulphate Trace. 

Calcium carbonate Trace. 

Magnesium sulphate 39099 

Sodium sulphate 6. 34872 

Sodium chloride 5. 81384 

Sodium carbonate 14. 08901 



Potassium carbonate 51177 

Lithium sulphate Trace. 

Phosphorus pentoxide 12018 

Carbon dioxide (semicom- 

bined) 1.37034 

Borax None. 

Iodine None. 

Free ammonia 03400 

Albuminoid ammonia 1. 1060 

The specific gravity 1.0260 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 



General statement. — Franklin County lies between Walla walla County 
on the south and Adams County on the north, with Columbia River 
as its western boundary. The surface is that of a plain, sloping gently 
toward Columbia and Snake rivers. In the northwest corner of the 
county the plain is about 300 feet above the surface of the Columbia, 
giving rise to the cliffs along the stream known as the White Bluffs. 
In the eastern part of the county the plain rises to a height of 300 to 
400 feet above the level of the Snake. Near the confluence of the two 
rivers the plain decreases in elevation and the banks of the streams are 
but a few feet in height. 

The average rainfall is about 10 inches a year. This will not admit 
of any forest growth and scarcely permits of the growth of bunch 
grass. Agriculture may be carried on only where irrigation is pos 
sible. Irrigated tracts along the rivers yield very fine returns in 
alfalfa and fruit. 

In the western part of Franklin County the outcropping rocks are 
thin beds of sand and clay, with layers of volcanic dust, which repre- 
sent Miocene lacustrine sediments. Such deposits at one time may 
have covered the entire county, but in the eastern portion basalt alone 
now appears. At a number of places successful wells have been drilled 
in the basalt, the water being found in the more porous or vesicular 
parts of the rock. The depth of the wells varies from about 200 to 
nearly 700 feet. It is evident that, in advance of drilling, the depth at 
which water will be found is conjectural. In the western part of the 
county a well is now being drilled in the sedimentary rocks noted 
above. 



LANDE8.J JEFFERSON COUNT V. 21 

I )<■<>]> ir,I/s. -W. T. Braden, living at Connell, completed a deep 
well in September, L902. The well is located in a canyon, and its 
mouth has an elevation above the sea of 840 feet. It has a diameter 
of 5 inches and a depth of 676 feet. The well is cased from the surface 
to solid rock, a distance of 100 feet. The water rises in the well about 
3*5 feet and is brought to the surface by a wind pump. The tempera- 
ture of the water when brought to the well mouth is 51° F. The 
water level does not vary during the day or year and is not affected 
by pumping. The cost of the well, including the pumping machinery, 
was about $3,000. 

There are several firms making a business of drilling wells in Franklin 
County, the most prominent of which is the Reinbolt Well Drilling 
Company. A few of the wells drilled by this company, with their 
depths, are here given: H. W. Brummond, 410 feet; John Finkbiner, 
485 feet; John L. Wordheim, 212 feet; Connell Land and Improve- 
ment Company, 243 feet; William Fisch, 265 feet; William Elgin, 
323 feet; Charles Schelley, 487 feet. 

Springs. — A number of springs are known to exist in the eastern 
part of Franklin County, although but a few of these have been 
reported. These springs are oftentimes the sources of supply for 
small lakes which have no outlets. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

General statement. — Jefferson County is situated in the north- 
western part of the State, between Clallam County on the north and 
west and Chehalis and Mason counties on the south, and extends from 
Puge£ Sound to the Pacific Ocean. Topographically the surface pre- 
sents a great diversity. The county contains the most rugged por- 
tions of the Olympic Mountains, the only areas that are comparatively 
level being in the northeastern part, within a few miles of the shores 
of Puget Sound. This is the only part of the county inhabited to 
any degree, there being no inhabitants within the Olympics and but 
very few west of the mountains along the Pacific coast. 

The rainfall along the western coast averages over 85 inches a year. 
It decreases steadily eastward and is less than 20 inches in the vicinity 
of Port Townsend. The district east of the Olympics has a low 
rainfall because the high mountains divert to some degree the rain- 
laden westerly winds. Within the Olympics are several glaciers and 
snow fields which feed the streams during the rainless months of 
summer. 

The band of Tertiary rocks which encircles the Olympic Mountains 
outcrops in both the eastern and the western parts of the county. 
The rock series is composed chiefly of conglomerates, sandstones, and 
shales, and without doubt contains large quantities of water which 



22 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

can be secured by means of wells. The bed rock just mentioned is 
often deeply buried by glacial sediments, which are important reservoirs. 
Municipal systems. — Port Townsend obtains its water supply from 
driven and dug wells owned by the Spring Valley Water Company. 
From these wells 250,000 gallons per day are obtained by pumping. 
This supply is hardly sufficient for present needs, and a gravity system 
from some stream coming out of the Olympic Mountains is in contem- 
plation. The water in use at present is of good quality. The wells do 
not enter bed rock, the water-bearing materials being sand and gravel. 
A heavy bed of clay which lies above the sand and gravel prevents 
contamination. An analysis of the Port Townsend water is given 
below: 

Analysis of water from Port Townsend, Wash. 
[Grains per gallon.] 

Silica 1.255 

Alumina and iron oxide 146 

Calcium carbonate .., 16. 731 

Magnesium carbonate 6. 987 

Magnesium chloride 11. 200 

Calcium sulphate 1. 826 

Sodium and potassium chlorides 29. 236 

Sodium and potassium carbonates 1. 531 

Total solids 68. 912 

Port Ludlow obtains its water supply from a small creek. The water 
is soft, of good quality, and sufficient for all probable future needs. 
A gravity system of waterworks is used. The water is drawn upon 
for a boiler supply for the Port Ludlow mills as well as the domestic 
supply for the town. 

KING COUNT Y. 

General statement. — King County is situated west of the center of 
the State and extends from the summit of the Cascades westward to 
Puget Sound. It lies between Snohomish County on the north and 
Pierce County on the south. Along the shores of the sound the sur- 
face is that of a plain, rising to a height of about 300 feet above the 
sea; east of the plain are hills and ridges, the latter having in general 
a north-south direction; immediately east of this belt are the moun- 
tains, rising from a height of about 3,000 feet along their western 
border to an average height of 6,000 feet, when the summit line is 
reached. The mountains are deeply dissected by the several forks of 
Snoqualmie, Cedar, Green, White, and other rivers. 

The annual rainfall varies from 40 inches along the shores of the 
sound to more than 60 inches within the mountains. About the sound 
practically all of the precipitation is in the form of rain, but with 
increase in elevation the snowfall becomes important, and in the 
higher mountains the amount of snow falling each year is very large. 



lanotb.] KINO COUNTY. 23 

The presence of snow and glaciers has an important bearing on the 
run-off of the streams from season to season. Apart from its value 
as sources of municipal supply, the movement of so much water from 
higher to lower levels is productive of great power. Already the 
water power of the cataracts and falls is being harnessed for the use 
of man. At Snoqualmie Falls, 25 miles east of Seattle, a plant has 
been installed which develops a total of 10,000 horsepower. Snoqual- 
mie River at this point has a vertical drop of 270 feet, with a flow of 
about 1,000 second-feet during the driest season and about ten times 
as much during the periods of high water. 

The strata which outcrop about the sound and eastward for a dis- 
tance of about 25 miles are mainly clastic rocks of early Tertiary age. 
At many places they are coal bearing, and important coal mines have 
been developed at Black Diamond, Franklin, Palmer, Kenton, New- 
castle, Issaquah, and elsewhere. East of the Tertiary sediments are 
the metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Cascades, which in King 
County at least are virtually unstudied. In the vicinity of the sound 
bed rock outcrops but rarely, being covered by a heavy mantle of 
glacial sediments. At many places this mantle is known to be more 
than 500 feet in thickness. The glacial sediments comprise beds of 
till, with stratified sand, gravel, and cla}^. From the layers of sand 
and gravel which are interstratined with the till an abundant supply 
of good water is generally obtained. The wells are usually shallow, 
it being rarely necessary to go deeper than 40 feet. Springs are very 
common about the bases of the hills or upon the hillsides where the 
water-bearing gravels and sands outcrop. 

Municipal systems.- — The town of Auburn obtains its water supply 
chiefly from wells, which vary in depth from 40 to 50 feet. The wells 
are sunk in the alluvium of the White River Valley, the water-bearing 
materials being sand and gravel. In no instance has bed rock been 
reached. In some instances shallow wells have been used for a little 
time, but in these the water is not good. The water from the deeper 
wells is soft, is not contaminated, and is obtained in ample quantity, 
in some instances rising to the surface. No other supply of water for 
drinking purposes is contemplated, but it is likely that water for tire 
protection will be obtained from White River. 

The cit} 7 of Ballard obtains about 300,000 gallons of water daily 
from springs and deep wells, about half from each source. The 
wells are the more satisfactory. While this amount is ample for 
present needs, it will not be sufficient in the course of time if the city 
continues its rapid growth. It is very likely that in the near future 
the supply for Ballard will be secured from the Cedar River system 
owned by the city of Seattle. The surface wells in Ballard have 
depths of 12 to 20 feet, but the wells used for the municipal supply 
average about 160 feet in depth. For the most part they penetrate 



24 UNDEEGEOUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. in. 

glacial till or hardpan, the water-bearing strata being beds of sand and 
gravel. The system of waterworks is direct pressure. 

A sanitary analysis of water from one of the deep wells in Ballard, 
made by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, is as 
follows : 

Sanitary analysis of water from deep well at Ballard. 
[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 165. 66 

Oxygen consumed 2. 89 

Chlorine 5. 50 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 874 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 100 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates - 320 

The municipal supply of water for Columbia City is obtained from 
Seattle. A few private wells are in use having an average depth of 
30 feet. They penetrate glacial deposits only and from them water 
of good quality is obtained. 

Water for the town of Enumclaw is furnished from the system of 
the White River Lumber Company. The water comes from streams 
flowing out from the Cascade Mountains, and as there are no sources 
of contamination it is of excellent quality. A gravity system of 
waterworks has been installed. It is possible that in the future the town 
supply may be taken from some springs located about 4 miles away. 
The springs are at a height of about 270 feet above that of the town. 
A few wells are in use about Enumclaw, which have an average depth 
of 30 feet. The wells are dug in glacial sediments, a till or hardpan 
lying above, with sand and gravel below. The wells afford excellent 
water, the flow rising to the surface in the wet season. 

The water supply for Issaquah is furnished by the Gilman Water 
Company, which owns large springs near the town. The water is of 
good quality, there being no sources of contamination except possibly 
a little decaying vegetable matter. The water is conducted through 
the town by a gravity system. The few private wells in Issaquah 
range in depth from 20 to 30 feet, the water coming from a stratum 
of loose gravel. A large quantity of water may be obtained in this 
way, since it rises almost to the surface and is not affected by pumping. 
North of the town, toward Lake Sammamish, wells from 60 to 90 
feet in depth have been driven, from which there is a continuous flow. 
The water rises from 3 to 10 feet above the surface. 

The town of Kent gets its supply from springs which yield water of 
excellent quality. While the springs now drawn upon afford a supply 
for present needs, the product of other springs near by will be drawn 
upon in the future. From the springs the water is carried through- 
out the town by a gravity system. In the region about Kent good 



i.ani.ks] KING COUNTY. 25 

water may be obtained by means of driven wells. The wells when 
driven t<> a depth of 200 feel are artesian in character, the water 
rising about (> feet above the surface. 

Water for Kenton is obtained from a spring situated near the town 
limits and at a height of 320 feet above the level of the town. The 
spring- belongs to the Seattle Electric Company, but the town has a 
lease upon it for fifty years. The spring supplies 120,000 gallons of 
water daily, and should this not be sufficient for future needs water 
ma} 7 be obtained from other springs or from Cedar River, which flows 
through the town. The water, besides being- used for domestic pur- 
poses, affords fire protection and furnishes the necessary boiler supply 
for a coal mine and a brickyard. The private wells in use in Renton 
are mostly shallow, ranging- in depth from 10 to 25 feet. Onty one 
enters rock, the others obtaining water chiefly from the gravels of the 
Cedar River flood plain. 

The city of Seattle obtains its supply of w r ater from Cedar River 
and Cedar Lake. The source of supply is in the Cascade Mountains, 
the water coming to the reservoir directly from the snow fields. The 
water is, therefore, soft, clear, and of superior quality. The city 
owns Cedar Lake and a large portion of Cedar River. The available 
water supply averages about 600,000,000 gallons per da} 7 . There are 
now piped to the city 22,500,000 gallons daily. Other supply mains 
will be constructed whenever they are found to be necessary. 

A sanitary analysis of the city water of Seattle, made by Prof. 
H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, on April 27, 1901, 
gave the following results: 

Sanitary analysis of city water of Seattle. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 36. 49 

Oxygen consumed. 1. 26 

Chlorine 1. 50 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 008 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia Trace. 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 

West Seattle obtains water from private wells and from some springs 
owned by the West Seattle Land and Improvement Company. The 
water is pumped into tanks, from which it is distributed by gravity. 
The supply even at the present time can hardly be said to be sufficient, 
and it is likely that arrangements will soon be made whereby water 
may be obtained from the Seattle system. The wells about West 
Seattle range in depth from 30 to 75 feet, water being most commonly 
found at about 50 feet. The wells are dug entirely in glacial material, 
mostly sand and gravel. 



26 TTNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

Springs. — Near the town of Berlin, in the northeastern part of the 
county, there is a mineral spring owned by the Everett Bottling 
Works. The water flows out as a stream from the base of a mountain 
of granitic rock. The flow is uniform from season to season. The 
quantity flowing has never been measured. The water has a taste of 
soda. No improvements of any character have been made at the 
spring, and so far no use has been made of the water. It is probable 
that in the near future a hotel will be built at the spring and other 
improvements made. 

An analysis of water from the Berlin springs, made by H. G. Knight, 
of the University of Washington, is as follows: 



Analysis of water from Berlin springs. 



[Parts per thousand.] 

Solids, nonvolatile 0. 5473 

Silica 0078 

Alumina and iron oxide 0150 

Calcium sulphate 0529 

Calcium carbonate : 5627 

Magnesium chloride 1693 

Magnesium sulphate 0935 

Sodium sulphate 9331 

Potassium chloride 0267 

Carbon dioxide 1. 4720 

Near the town of Issaquah, at the head of a short, deep valley, is a 
large spring from which the water supply for the town of Issaquah is 
taken. The flow has not been measured, but there is sufficient water 
for a town of 1,000 inhabitants. The water is very clear, cold, and 
has a pleasant taste. It issues as a stream from a bed of gravel. 
No improvements have been made at the spring, and none are con- 
templated. The spring is owned by the Gilman Water Company. 

Along the valley side, at the base of a steep hill near Kent, is a 
large spring from which the town supply of water is largely taken. 
The daily flow varies from 500,000 gallons in winter to 350,000 gallons 
in summer. The water is not appreciably charged with minerals, and 
is very clear and cold when it leaves the spring. It issues as a stream 
from a bed of gravel which is a part of the glacial sediments. At the 
spring a reservoir is now being built for storage purposes. 

The Great Northern Hot Springs are located near Madison, in the 
northeast corner of the county. Near the Great Northern Railway, 
a mile from the springs, the Hot Springs Hotel has been built, with 
accommodations for 50 guests. The water is piped to the hotel, where 
it is used for drinking purposes and for baths. The water has been 
found to be very helpful for rheumatism and for kidney diseases. 
The water seeps out from the talus rock, and has a temperature of 
122° F. 



i.am>es] KITSAP COUNTY. 27 

The following analysis <>f water from the Great Northern Hot 
Springs was made by C. Osseward, chemist for the Stewart <Sc Holmes 
Drug Company. Seattle: 

Analysis of water from the Great Northern Il"i Springs. 

[Grains per gallon.] 

Total solids 9. 9 

( Jhlorine 87 

Iron 7(5 

Lime 2. 33 

Magnesia 1.1 

Silica 1 . 34 

Sodium 1. 63 

Potassium 34 

Sulphuric anhydride 52 

Ammonia 00058 

On a hillside near Renton there is a spring issuing from a bed of 
gravel. The flow is about 120,000 gallons daily. The quantity varies 
with the season, being about one-fourth less in a very dry season than 
in a wet one. The water does not carry any sediment, is very clear, 
and has a pleasant taste. It is used as a town supply by Renton. 

KITSAP COUNTY. 

General statement. — Kitsap County is situated east of Jefferson and 
Mason counties, west of King County, and north of Pierce County. 
It is almost surrounded by the arms or inlets of Puget Sound. With 
the exception of a range of hills in the southwestern part of the county, 
along Hood Canal, the surface is that of a plain tying but little above 
the sea. The coast line is very deeply indented and irregular, abound- 
ing in fine bays and harbors. 

The rainfall gradually decreases from 60 inches per year in the 
southwestern part to 30 inches in the northeastern part. It is suffi- 
cient to give rise to the very many small streams which are_ to be 
found throughout the county and also to produce a very dense forest 
growth. 

Over the major portion of Kitsap County the mantle of glacial sedi- 
ments is very heavy, so that the bed rock does not often appear at the 
surface. The wells for the most part penetrate the glacial materials 
only, and from the latter a satisfactory supply of good water is obtained. 
As elsewhere within the glaciated area, springs are very common and 
are often utilized. 

Municipal systems. — Bremerton obtains its water supply to a limited 
degree from wells, but for the most part from a stream which is fed 
by springs. In this way is obtained a supply of very good water, 
which is free from any contamination. The quantity will be ample 



28 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

for a long time to come. Gravity is the system employed. The pri- 
vate wells, as a rule, are shallow and are sunk altogether in glacial 
till, the water flowing from intercalated beds of sand and gravel. 

An analysis of water from a spring near Bremerton, made by H. G. 
Knight, of the University of Washington, is as follows: 

Analysis of water from spring near Bremerton. 

[Parts per thousand.] 

Nonvolatile solids 0. 45194 

Silica 01334 

Alumina and iron oxides 04764 

Calcium sulphate 046385 

Magnesium chloride 04008 

Magnesium sulphate 07790 

Sodium sulphate 23686 

Lithium sulphate. „ 02128 

The source of supply for Charleston is found in some springs and 
creeks west and south of the town. Erom these the water is carried 
to the town in wooden pipes. It is of good quality, and a quantity 
ample for present and future needs is easily obtained. The private 
wells about Charleston range in depth from 20 to 150 feet. These 
wells have been put down in glacial sediments and the water level 
rises and falls with the tide in the inlet near by. 

The water supply for Port Blakeley comes primarily from a stream 
in the adjoining hills. A reservoir has been made, and from this, by 
means of gravity, the water is conducted to the town. There is a cer- 
tain amount of deca} 7 ing vegetable matter in the reservoir, and this 
causes some contamination of the water; otherwise the water is good, 
and sufficient in quantity to serve the town probably for a long time 
in the future. Besides this method of obtaining water, cisterns and 
wells are used to a small degree. These wells have a depth ordinarily 
of about 70 feet. Most of them are wholly in the glacial till, but some 
of them penetrate rock altogether, the water-bearing stratum in the 
latter case being a conglomerate. 

Some small streams near Port Gamble are drawn upon for the water 
supply of that town. From reservoirs along these streams the water 
is distributed to the town by a gravity system. About 150,000 gal- 
lons of water are obtained daily, an amount sufficient for the present 
and the future. The water is soft and of good quality, no sources of 
contamination being present. Besides its use for domestic purposes, 
it is employed to a large extent as a boiler suppty. 

KITTITAS COUNTY. 

General statement. — Kittitas County lies near the center of the 
State, between Chelan County on the north and Yakima County on 
the south, and extends from the summit of the Cascades eastward to 



landbs.] KITTITAS COUNTY. 29 

Columbia River. From the Cascade divide, which has a general 
height of about 6,000 feet above the sea, the country descends south- 
eastward to a minimum elevation of 500 feet. In the northwestern 
part of the county the surface exhibits the usual ruggedness of the 
higher and wilder parts of the Cascades. The highest peak here, 
Mount Stuart, has an elevation of 9,470 feet. 

The rainfall in Kittitas County varies widely because of the great 
difference in elevation from point to point. In the high mountains 
the precipitation is from 50 to 60 inches a year. It decreases east- 
ward until it becomes less than 15 inches at Ellensburg and less than 
10 inches in the vicinity of Columbia River. Naturally, the charac- 
ter of the vegetation is greatly modified by the wide variation in the 
amount of rainfall. The higher mountains as a rule are heavily for- 
ested, while the plateaus are sparsely covered with trees. In lower 
altitudes the trees give way to the bunch grass, which is in turn 
superseded by sagebrush on the still lower levels. The abundant 
rainfall of the mountains gives rise to many fine streams, which afford 
water alike for the use of cities on the plains below and for the irri- 
gation of orchards and alfalfa fields. 

The southeastern part of the county is largely covered by Miocene 
basalts. In the neighborhood of Ellensburg are remnants of a sand- 
stone formation which represents the sediments of a middle Tertiary 
lake of unknown extent. The geology is somewhat complex, as both 
sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Eocene and Miocene age are found. 
The sedimentary beds are lacustrine, and consist chiefly of sandstone 
and shale. In one of the Eocene sedimentary formations round about 
the towns of Roslyn and Clealum, seams of coal of great economic 
value have been found, and here are the largest coal mines in the 
State. In the vicinity of Mount Stuart, near the southern border line 
of the county, there are large areas of pre-Tertiary rocks of a complex 
nature geologically, in which there are granites, granodiorites, ser- 
pentines, slates, and schists. 

Municipal system*. — The water supply for Clealum comes from 
mountain springs about 3 miles southwest of town. The springs are 
180 feet above the town, thus giving a good head and making it easy 
to distribute the water throughout the town by a gravity system. 
For the first mile from the springs a 10-inch pipe was laid, for the 
next mile an 8-inch pipe, and for the third mile a 6-inch pipe. The 
water pressure in the town is from 90 to 100 pounds per square inch. 
The amount of water obtained is believed to be ample for a city of 
20,000 inhabitants. Should this supply ever fail, water in great abun- 
dance may be obtained from Yakima River, a clear mountain stream 
which flows through a part of the town. Clealum owns 160 acres of 
land about the springs, thus effectually preventing contamination. 
Some time ago an effort was made to obtain artesian water. A well 



30 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. in. 

was drilled in Clealum to a depth of 800 feet without striking water. 
The water supply of the town is used for irrigating as well as domestic 
purposes. 

Ellensburg obtains water from streams which flow out from the 
foothills of the Cascades. The water obtained in this way, however, 
is not of the best quality and is barely sufficient for present needs. 
An unusual demand is made upon the supply, for a large amount 
of water is used for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes. 
The private wells which are in use range in depth from 10 to 20 feet. 
They are essentially surface wells, not entering the rock at all, but 
obtaining water from beds of gravel. The well water, as a rule, is 
hard and contains alkali. The water level in the wells varies, the 
water rising to the surface when the soil is thoroughly saturated as the 
result of excessive irrigation. 

For its town supply Roslyn obtains water from Clealum River, a 
mountain stream yielding water of excellent quality. This supply is 
so satisfactory that no dependence is placed upon wells, cisterns, or 
other sources. 

KLICKITAT COUNTY. 

General statement. — Klickitat County is situated on the southern 
border of the State, with Columbia River on the south, Yakima County 
on the north, and Skamania County on the west. The western part 
of the county is within the Cascades, and is therefore very rugged. 
The topography of the central part is that of a broad plateau sloping 
from the north toward Columbia River. The topography of the east- 
ern end of the count}^ is that of a plain rising but little above the level 
of the river. 

In the western portion of the county the annual rainfall is from 30 
to 35 inches, in the vicinity of Goldendale it is 15 or 20 inches, whfle 
in the eastern end of the county it is only about 10 inches. As a conse- 
quence of the unequal distribution of rainfall, the western portion of 
the county is a region of forests and streams; the central part has a very 
sparse forest growth and few streams, but at the same time is one of 
the best wheat-growing districts in the State; and the eastern part 
is treeless and virtually without streams, so that agriculture can be 
carried on only by means of irrigation. 

With the possible exception of the extreme western end, all of the 
county may be said to be covered by Columbia River lava. The bed 
rock is basalt. As far as known, no deep wells have been drilled into 
it, as in other parts of the State, to determine whether or not it is 
water bearing. That it is water bearing is largely proved by the fact 
that in a number of places springs issue from the outcrops of porous 
basaltic rock. The springs in some instances have a temperature con- 



lashes.] KLICKITAT COUNTY. 31 

siderably above that of the surrounding atmosphere. In some cases 
also they may be classed as minora] springs, and are believed to have 
medicinal qualities as well. 

Mud icipal systt ms. The water for Goldendale is piped from a spring 
on the southern slope of Simcoe Mountain, 12 miles to the north. 
The supply is sufficient for present needs, but will probably have to 
be increased in the future. Other good springs are conveniently 
near, and the water from these can be easily utilized. The water is 
soft and uncontaminated. The spring is located at a sufficient height 
above the city to give a good head of water. A few wells are used, 
ranging in depth from 12 to 75 feet. Most of the wells are shallow, 
water being most commonly found at 20 feet in beds of gravel. 
From the wells a large amount of water may be obtained. The water 
level shows but little change from season to season, and is affected by 
pumping only in a slight degree. In Goldendale a large amount of 
water is used in irrigation. 

Springs. — On Government land in T. 6K, R. 13 E., there is a large 
spring, or rather a group of springs. At these springs the water 
flows out in a stream from basaltic rock. The springs are located at 
the base of a bluff rising from the valley of Klickitat River. The 
flow is large, there being no perceptible variation from season to 
season. The water is clear and odorless, but it has an unpleasant 
taste. It has a temperature of 76° F. Bubbles of gas are constancy 
escaping from the water. It has been used to a limited degree for 
medicinal purposes. 

On Big Klickitat River in T, IN., R. 14 E., is a spring which is con- 
sidered to have special medicinal properties. By the internal use of 
the water, stomach and kidney diseases are benefited, and rheumatism 
is helped by bathing in the water. The spring issues as a stream 
from basaltic rock. It has a temperature of 100° F. There is a 
slight film on its surface and it carries a little sediment. It has a 
strong mineral taste and is charged with gas, iron, and sulphur. 
Deposits of iron oxide are made along the stream as it flows away 
from the spring. It is planned to make a health resort at this spring, 
and a hotel and bath house are in process of construction. An analy- 
sis of the w T ater, made by Prof. H. G. Byers of the University of 
Washington, is as follows: 

Analysis of spring water from near Big Klickitat River. 
[Purts per million.] 

Total solids 758. 7 

Nonvolatile solids 569. 2 

Volatile solids 189. 5 

Silica ' 85. 5 

Ferric oxide and alumina 104. 9 

Calcium carbonate 129. 6 



32 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

Magnesium carbonate . 184. 8 

Calcium sulphate 4.5 

Sodium chloride , 10. 1 

Potassium chloride 22. 3 

Potassium sulphate 27.5 

Free carbon dioxide 700. 

LEWIS COUNTY. 

General statement. — Lewis County is in the southwestern part of 
the State and extends from the summit of the Cascades to Pacific 
County on the west, with Chehalis, Thurston, and Pierce counties on 
its northern border, and Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, and Skamania counties 
on the south. The county has a very diversified topography. The 
western end of it lies within the Coast Range, where the highest hills 
or mountains are from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height. East of the 
Coast Range is a broad north-south valley which is in reality a part of 
the Puget Sound basin. East of this great valley rise the mountains 
of the Cascades, reaching heights of 5,000 or 6,000 feet on the main 
divide. The mountains have been greatly dissected by the streams, 
and some of the valleys, notably that of Cowlitz River, are vevy broad 
and deep. 

The rainfall is heaviest in the western part of the county, where it 
averages 70 inches per year. It decreases eastward until in the 
neighborhood of Chehalis and Centralia it is 50 inches. In the moun- 
tains of the eastern part of the count}^ the average yearly rainfall is 
60 inches. This heavy rainfall gives rise to a very large number of 
streams and produces a luxuriant forest growth which is equal to any 
found elsewhere in the State. 

The eastern part of the county, or that within the Cascades, is practi- 
cally unknown geological^. There are a few small areas of coal- 
bearing sandstones and shales lying along the upper Cowlitz River and 
in the region about Cowlitz Pass. The geology of the western two- 
thirds of the county has been studied to some extent, and as far as 
known the rocks are of Eocene age. Fossils of marine Eocene types 
occur in great abundance along the Cowlitz in the vicinity of Little 
Falls. The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstones and shales and 
are coal bearing at a number of places, notably about Chehalis and 
Centralia, in the vicinity of Alpha and Cinebar, and near Morton. 
Upon the sedimentary rocks in most places a deep soil has formed, 
and within this water is obtained with ease by means of shallow wells. 
Springs are common upon the hillsides, and they may be regarded as 
important sources of good water. The amount of surface water to be 
had is so very large that it is not probable that recourse to deep wells 
will ever be necessary. The structure of the sedimentary rocks is 
such that they undoubtedly contain artesian basins, which may be 
tapped whenever the need arises. 



I.Andes.] LINCOLN COUNTY. 33 

Municipal systi ms. The water for Centralia is obtained partly from 
wells and partly from Skookumchuck River. From neither of these 
IS very good water obtained, and some other source must be sought 
out. The wells range in depth from iJO to 30 feet. Water is most 
commonly found at about 18 feet, in beds of gravel, but as these beds 
are not overlain by clay or other impervious material, contamination 
from the surface is not prevented. From these wells a large supply 
of water may be obtained. The water level varies but little during 
the year, being somewhat lower in the dry season. 

The water supply for Pe Ell is obtained mostly from wells, although 
a few families derive their supply from springs. The spring water is 
satisfactory, but the same can hardly be said of the wells. The latter 
are very shallow and contamination from the surface is very easy. 
The well water comes from gravel and rises to the surface in some 
cases. A large supply of water is had, the water level scarcely vary- 
ing during the year. 

LINCOLN COUNTY. 

General statement. — Lincoln County is in the eastern part of the 
State and is bounded on the east by Spokane County, on the west by 
Douglas Count}, on the south by Adams County, and on the north by 
Columbia and Spokane rivers. The surface is that of a plateau having 
a general height of about 1,500 feet above sea level. On the north 
the plateau slopes very abruptly to the canyon of the Columbia, while 
on the south there is a gentle slope toward Crab Creek. Low, rolling 
hills occur here and there. 

The yearly rainfall varies from 10 inches in the western half to 15 
inches in the eastern portion. This is too small to permit of forest 
growth and hence the county was formerly a prairie region clothed 
with grasses. The bunch grass now, however, has largely given way 
to wheat fields, and the county produces each year an increasing amount 
of grain. The streams are in the main of the intermittent type, there 
being but very few that are of a permanent character. The small 
streams are active in the runways during the winter and spring months 
only and disappear with the coming of summer. 

With the exception of the outcrops of granite in the vicinity of 
Columbia and Spokane rivers the bed rock is altogether basalt. The 
basalt has within it porous layers which become filled with water, thus 
forming important reservoirs. In the ravines and "coulees 1 ' the 
porous basalt often outcrops and gives origin to springs which 
afford an ample quantity of water for general house and farm use. 
As a rule, the springs are active all the year, and in some instances have 
a flow sufficient for use as a municipal supply. In cases where 
springs have not been available wells have been dug in the basalt, and 
irr 111—05 3 



34 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

whenever the porous rock was encountered ample supplies of water 
were obtained. Ordinarily the wells vary in depth from 25 to 50 feet. 

Municipal systems. — Water for Davenport is obtained from springs 
near the town. The supply is sufficient for present needs, but it is 
probable that it will have to be increased. The water is of good 
quality and there are no sources of contamination. A gravity system 
of waterworks is used. The wells in the region : vary in depth from 
20 to 60 feet, the water being most commonly found at 30 feet. The 
wells enter the rock, and a layer of clay at the surface prevents any 
contamination from that direction. No flowing wells have been found, 
but a large supply of water is obtained from the common wells. The 
water level does not vary during the year and is not affected by pump- 
ing. Much water is used in irrigation as well as for domestic purposes. 

Harrington obtains its water from wells, although springs are used 
to some extent. The wells vary in depth from 30 to 100 feet. Water 
is most commonly found at about 35 feet. All of the wells enter 
basalt. The water usually rises to within 20 feet of the surface, where 
it stands constant the year round. It is of good quality, but will 
doubtless be insufficient for future demands. The water is pumped 
into a standpipe and distributed by gravity. 

The supply for Sprague is obtained in part from a spring and in 
part from wells. At the spring the water issues from basaltic rock 
and varies much in quantity from season to season. During the dry 
season the supply from the spring becomes insufficient and the wells 
are relied upon. The supply from the wells seems to be inexhaustible 
and constant pumping makes no impression on the water level. The 
water from the spring is distributed by gravity, while the well water 
is obtained b}^ pumping. From these sources excellent water is obtained 
in quantities believed to be sufficient for all future needs. The private 
wells of the region vary in depth from 20 to 40 feet. Water is com- 
monly found at a depth of 20 feet. These wells do not enter rock, but 
are wholly in surface material. The water-bearing materials are sand 
and gravel. The wells, although shallow, afford a large quantity of 
water, the level being lowered only in a long, dry season. 

Water for Wilbur is obtained from Goose Creek, which has its source 
in two large springs, and also from some wells. The water is of good 
quality, and ample in quantity for present and future needs. A 
gravity system of waterworks has been installed. The wells are all 
very shallow, the usual depth being about 12 feet. They enter the 
basaltic rock which underlies the town. Contamination from the sur- 
face is prevented by a layer of clay. The wells, although shallow, are 
relied upon for the domestic supply, and the water from the springs 
is used largely in irrigation. 

Springs. — In sec. 21, T. 25 N., R. 37 E. , near the town of Daven- 
port, there is a large spring from which about 360,000 gallons of 



i ujdes.] MASON COUNTY. 35 

water How daily. Thissupply is fairly constant, although slightly less 
in summer. The water is clear and cold and has ;i pleasant taste. II 
issues as a stream from the rock. It is used as a water supply for the 
town of Davenport. 

Near Davenport, on the farm of J. E Ludy, there is a spring which 
is located in the bottom of a deep draw or gulch. The water comes 
out as a stream, and in quantity sufficient to supply about 15 families. 
It is slightly alkaline, but there arc no deposits of mineral matter or 
sediment about the spring. The water has a temperature of about 45° F. 

Near Harrington, in sec. 34, T. 23 N., R. 36 E. , there is a spring 
owned by J. L. Ball. The water issues from the rock at the base of a 
bluff. It is clear and of a very good quality. It is used for a general 
farm supply. 

L. T. Luper owns 2 springs near Harrington, in sees. 1 and 9, T. 23 
N., R. 36 E. The spring in section 1 flows about 23,000 gallons per 
da} 7 , and the one in section 9 about 28,000 gallons per day. Neither 
spring shows any variation in flow from season to season, and in both 
the water is clear, of good quality, and apparently not mineral bearing. 
In each case the water issues as a stream. The water is used as a 
house supply and in watering stock. 

Near Sherman, in sec. 25, T. 29 N., R. 33 E., H. B. Fletcher owns 
a spring which appears as a stream. The spring is located in a valley. 
The flow is very large and is constant from season to season. The 
water as it issues is cold, clear, and of a superior quality. It is used 
by the farmers for their stock, but it has been proposed to pipe the 
water to Wilbur as a supply for that town. 

MASON COUNTY. 

General statement. — Mason County lies in the western part of the 
State, being separated from the Pacific Ocean by Chehalis Count} 7 , 
which borders it on the west. It is bounded on the north and north- 
east by Jefferson and Kitsap counties, and on the southeast and south 
by Pierce and Thurston counties. The northwestern portion of the 
county extends into the Olympic Mountains, and hence is very rugged 
and broken in character. Most of the remaining part of the county 
is very hilly, the only portions that are level to any degree being those 
immediately about Hood Canal and other inlets of Puget Sound. The 
streams which come from the mountains flow in canyons, and the inter- 
stream divides are very sharp. 

The yearly rainfall is very heavy, ranging from 85 inches on the 
western border to 60 inches in the extreme eastern portion. As one 
result of the copious rainfall there is a heavy forest growth, the for- 
ests of Mason County being regarded as among the best in the State. 
In the southeastern part of the county, the only portion which is set- 



86 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

tied to any extent, water for domestic purposes is obtained very largely 
from the glacial deposits, which are here very thick. As a rule the 
wells are shallow, water being obtained at depths varying from 10 to 
25 feet. With the abundant rainfall and the heavy mantle of uncon- 
solidated surface materials it is not surprising that springs are veiy 
common. The water issues from the springs in the form of streams, 
and usually in sufficient quantities to afford town supplies. 

Municipal systems. — The water supply for Shelton, a town of about 
1,000 people, is obtained from some large springs, and will doubtless 
prove inadequate when the population of the town is doubled, but 
there are other large springs located conveniently near which may be 
utilized. The water is soft and pure and very satisfactory for domes- 
tic purposes. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In the region 
about Shelton there are a good many wells from which excellent water 
is obtained. In some instances the water rises to the surface, and the 
water level is not distinctly lowered except in September, the month 
of the least rainfall. The wells are as a rule driven wells, the mate- 
rials penetrated being glacial till, sand, and gravel. The wells are 
shallow, varying from 10 to 25 feet in depth. The water-bearing 
material is overlain by hardpan, so that there is no contamination from 
the surface. 

Springs. — As noted above, the town of Shelton obtains its water 
supply from two springs located in sec. 12, T. 20 N., E. 4 W. The 
flow has not been measured, but it is ample for all present demands. 
The springs issue as streams from gravel beds which outcrop on a 
hillside above the town. The water contains a small amount of iron, 
but there are no deposits of mineral matter about the springs. 

At other places about Shelton, notably in sec. 18, T. 20 N., R. 3 W., 
and in sec. 13, T. 20 N., R. 4 W., are other springs which supply large 
quantities of water. They issue from gravel beds at the base of a 
bluff about 150 feet high. From the top of the bluff a gravel terrace 
extends for several miles. Lying upon this terrace, near the springs, 
there are several lakes, and it has been suggested that the lakes are 
the sources of the spring water. 

OKANOGAN COUNTY. 

General statement. — Okanogan County extends from the British 
Columbia line to Columbia River, and from Ferry County on the east 
to Chelan and Whatcom counties on the west. This large county pre- 
sents a great diversity of surface, and within it are rugged mountains, 
rolling hills, and broad plateaus which merge into plains. The western 
portion of the county is a region of high mountains and deep valleys. 
Between Methow and Okanogan rivers is a bold mountain ridge which 
has a north-south course. Along the eastern border line of the county 



jant.es.] OKANOCAN AND PACIFIC COUNTIES. 37 

there ia likewise a mountain ridge, with a north-south course and a 
general height of about 4,000 feet above the sea. .Mono- the southern 
border of the county the Columbia flows in a deep canyon, but the 
Okanogan, its chief tributary, is a meandering stream flowing in a 
broad and comparatively shallow valley. The Methow Valley is like- 
wise very broad and open, except for the last few miles of its course, 
when it assumes a canyon aspect. 

The rainfall of Okanogan County is light in comparison with 
other parts of Washington. In the mountainous area the annual pre- 
cipitation is from 15 to 20 inches. Over much of the remaining 
part of the county it ranges from 10 to 15 inches, and oyer a small 
portion it is even less than 10 inches. The forest grows exclusively 
upon the highlands, chiefly in the Cascades, in the mountains along the 
eastern border, and on the mountain ridge between Okanogan and 
Methow rivers. Oyer those parts of the county where the trees can 
not grow bunch grass abounds, only the lowest plains along Okanogan 
River being given over to sagebrush. From the mountains good 
streams of water flow to the plains and make possible irrigation on a 
large scale in the valleys of Methow, Okanogan, and Columbia rivers. 

As far as known the rocks of Okanogan County are chiefly gneisses, 
schists, slates, and crystalline limestones. Here and there are small 
remnants of more or less extensive sediments of Tertiary lakes. Over 
large areas intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of various kinds pre- 
yail. Over much of the surface there is a thick mantle of soil, and 
within this in most places water may be obtained by means of wells. 
Springs commonly occur, and they are relied upon to a large degree by 
the settlers. Surface water is usually sufficiently abundant to supply 
the herds of cattle and sheep with their requirements. 

Municipal systems. — Loomis obtains its water from Sinlahekin 
Creek and from a spring owned by J. M. Judd. Neither source is 
very satisfactory, and it is planned to secure a supply from Toats 
Coulee Creek, a mountain stream of pure water which flows near the 
town. A few wells have been dug in the district about Loomis. They 
are all shallow, ranging in depth from 20 to 30 feet. They do not 
reach bed rock, but lie wholly in the mantle rock or soil. 

PACIFIC COUNTY. 

General statement. — Pacific County lies at the southwest corner 
of the State. The ocean border of the county is exceedingly irregu- 
lar, due in part to a submergence of the coast and in part to the build- 
ing out from the headlands of long sand spits. The surface rises 
gradually from tide water to the summit of the Coast Range, where a 
maximum height of 3,000 feet above the sea is attained. Much of the 
coast is low, and alluvial valleys extend for some distance up the 



88 UNDERGROUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

streams. The annual rainfall is very heavy, varying from 65 inches 
at the mouth of the Columbia to 85 inches and over along- the north- 
ern border. In this county the change in amount of precipitation is 
in a north-south rather than an east- west direction as is commonly the 
case. As elsewhere the large rainfall produces many streams and an 
extraordinary forest growth. The larger trees are closely surrounded 
by a very dense growth of minor forms, so that the forest as a whole 
is almost impenetrable. 

With few exceptions all the rocks of the county are shales, sand- 
stones, and conglomerates of middle Tertiary age. All of these disin- 
tegrate readily when exposed to the atmosphere, so that there is a 
heavy mantle of incoherent porous material many feet in depth. 
Within this soil there is generally an abundance of water, so that 
shallow wells and springs form the main sources of domestic supply. 

Municipal systems. — Springs afford the water supply for Ilwaco, 
but they are not very satisfactory and in the near future some other 
source must be sought. The present supply is not of the best quality 
and will soon be inadequate. Contamination is due chiefly to decaying 
vegetable matter. A gravity system of waterworks is used. Ilwaco 
is situated on a plain which rises but little above high tide. Wells are 
not used at all, because the water within them is unfit for drinking 
purposes. 

The supply of water for Southbend is obtained from springs. In 
this way water of excellent quality is had, free from contamination, 
and in quantity believed to be sufficient for all future needs. The 
water is carried from the springs and distributed about the town by a 
gravity system. Very few wells are used about Southbend, and in 
none of them is the water satisfactory. The wells vary in depth from 
10 to 60 feet. 

PIERCE COUNTY. 

General statement. — Pierce County extends from the summit of the 
Cascades on the east to Puget Sound on the west, and from King and 
Kitsap counties on the north to Lewis and Thurston counties on the 
south. In the vicinity of the sound the surface is that of a plain with 
a general height of 300 to 400 feet above sea level. Eastward the 
plain gives way to hills, which in turn soon merge into the high 
mountains forming the eastern third of the county. Mount Rainier 
lies in Pierce County, and immediately about it and to the northeast 
high peaks and deep valleys are very conspicuous. 

The lowest annual rainfall is in the neighborhood of Tacoma, where 
it averages 45 inches. It increases eastward and in the mountains is 
about 60 inches. Upon the sides of Mount Rainier and the neighbor- 
ing high mountains the precipitation is principally in the form of 
snow, and large snow fields and glaciers are found. By the precipitous 



i.ani.ks.i PIERCE COUNT! . 39 

descent of many of the large streams waterfalls of much economic 
importance have been produced. Sonic of the waterfalls arc now 
being utilized for power purposes. The beavy rainfall of the moun- 
tains insures an ample supply of the purest water for the cities about 
the sound or upon the plains. 

In the region about Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, and Fairfax the 
outcropping rocks are chiefly clastic sediments of Eocene age. They 
are coal bearing, and at the places above mentioned coal mines are now 
in operation. The extent of the sedimentary scries is unknown, since 
eastward it passes under the lavas of Mount Rainier and westward it 
disappears beneath the heavy mantle of glacial sediments which covers 
the western third of the county. The glacial deposits for the most 
part are made up of coarse gravels and sands, into which the water 
sinks after each rainfall, so that the drainage is chiefly underground. 
In the western part of the county there are but few streams save 
those which have their origin in the hills and mountains. Ordinarily 
a large quantity of good water is obtained in wells having a depth of 40 
to 50 feet. Springs are very abundant and it is from this source that 
the principal towns of the county derive their water supplies. The 
springs are commonly found at the bases of the hills, and from 
them the water usually issues in the form of streams. Not only are 
the springs numerous, but the quantity of water that flows from some 
of them is phenomenal. 

Municipal systems. — A well situated on an island in White River, 
near the town, supplies Buckley with water. From this source, by 
pumping, a very large supply ma}^ be obtained, ample for present and 
future needs. The water is of good quality, there being no known 
sources of contamination. In the region about Buckley the wells 
vary in depth from 30 to 40 feet, the water-bearing materials being 
beds of sand and gravel. The latter are overlain by glacial till or 
hardpan, so that the wells suffer no contamination from the surface. 

The water for Carbonado is obtained from springs located in some 
gravel beds overlying the coal-bearing rocks. The supply is sufficient 
for the present and doubtless will be enough for all future needs. A 
gravity system of waterworks is in use. The water is used for boilers 
as well as for domestic purposes. There are no wells in Carbonado. 

Springs furnish a supply of water for Orting. The water is not 
contaminated and is very satisfactory. The supply is ample for all 
the demands made upon it. Other springs near by may be utilized if 
necessary. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In the region 
about Orting are a few wells, their depths varying from 14 to 18 feet. 
The wells are wholly in glacial materials, not reaching the bed rock in 
any case. The water in the wells is excellent and abundant, usually 
rising to the surface in the winter months. 

The water used in Puvallup comes from Maplewood Springs. 



40 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON, [no. 111. 

These springs lie within the city limits and have a flow of 20,000,000 
gallons daily. The water is of good quality. It is distributed 
through the town by a gravity system. Puyallup is located on the 
flood plain of Puyallup River near where it enters the sea. The wells 
that have been dug in the alluvium of the valley do not yield good 
water and hence are rarely or never used. 

The water system in South Tacoma is owned by Calvin Phillips & 
Co., who obtain a daily supply of 150,000 gallons from wells. The 
water is free from any contamination and is quite satisfactory. The 
usual depth of wells about South Tacoma is 40 to 50 feet. The wells 
penetrate beds of gravel and sand and in no instance reach bed rock. 

For Sumner the water is obtained from a spring located on a hill- 
side 1 mile east of the town. The spring is sufficiently above the level 
of the town to give a good head to the water, so that it may be distrib- 
uted by gravity. The supply is ample for present needs, and there 
are other good springs near by which may be utilized in the future 
should the needs of the town so demand. No wells are used in the 
valley about Sumner, all of the water for domestic purposes being 
piped from the springs on the hillsides which border the valley. 

The city of Tacoma obtains its water supply from Clover Creek and 
some springs. From the former the major portion of the water used 
in the city is obtained, but the spring water is more satisfactory. The 
quantity obtained is hardly sufficient for the needs of the city and, as 
additional sources of supply, three deep wells are being drilled. From 
the creek and springs water is pumped into reservoirs, from which it 
is distributed by gravity throughout the city. Tacoma is located upon 
a plain composed of glacial sediments, till, clay, sand, and gravel, 
which yield an abundant supply of good water. The depth of the 
wells varies from 30 to 100 feet. In general the water-bearing strata 
are overlain by clay or till, so that surface contamination is reduced 
to a minimum. 

A sanitary analysis of water from Clover Creek and springs, made 
February 23, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of 
Washington, resulted as follows: 

Analysis of water fvom Clover Creek and springs. 
[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 47. 20 

Nonvolatile solids 25. 20 

Volatile solids 22. 00 

Oxygen consumed 6. 34 

Chlorine 4. 40 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 035 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 080 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 



landes.] PIERCE AND SAN JUAN COUNTIES. 41 

Springs. — Near the town of Carbonado, in sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., 
the water issues as a stream from some gravel beds which overlie the 
coal measures at this place. The spring yields sufficient water to sup- 
ply the town of Carbonado and the boilers of the Carbon Hill Coal 
Company. 

The Orting Light and Water Company own three springs in sec. 29, 
T. 19 N., R. 5 E. These springs are small, but afford enough water 
to supply the town of Orting. They are located upon a hillside, where 
the water issues as small streams from beds of sand and gravel. The 
water carries a little sand and is somewhat muddy after hard rains. 
The flow is said to be a little stronger in summer than in winter. 

Maplewood Springs are located near Puyallup, in sec. 32,T. 20 N., 
R. 4 E. The water issues in streams from beds of gravel at the 
base of a bluff. The flow is estimated at 20,000,000 gallons per day. 
The town of Puyallup and a portion of Tacoma are supplied with 
water from this spring. The spring is owned by the city of Tacoma. 

SAN JUAN COUNTY. 

General statement. — San Juan County comprises a group of islands 
lying between Whatcom and Skagit counties in Washington and the 
island of Vancouver. These islands have rocky, irregular, deeply 
indented shores and represent the tops of submerged mountains. The 
surface of some of the islands is that of a plain, but in most cases there 
are high hills or semimountains. The principal hills are on Orcas 
Island, the highest point, Mount Constitution, rising 2,200 feet above 
the sea. 

Since the San Juan Islands lie to the leeward of the mountains of 
Vancouver Island, they have a rainfall that is less than the average of 
western Washington. The yearly rainfall is between 30 and 35 inches. 
This is enough to support but a moderate forest growth, so that the 
trees are not so large as in some parts of the State and there is but a 
small amount of undergrowth. The rainfall is ample for agricultural 
purposes and excellent crops are raised. 

The rocks of the northernmost islands of the group are of upper 
Cretaceous age and are a part of the coal -bearing series of the islands 
of British Columbia. South of the sedimentary rocks just mentioned, 
and forming the major portion of the islands, are metamorphic and 
igneous rocks of undetermined age. All of the islands have been 
glaciated, and oftentimes the rocks are deeply furrowed. The glaciers 
laid bare the rocks in some instances, and over much of the surface but 
a thin soil was left. The area of tillable land is thereby largely 
reduced and limited to the lower valleys. On a few of the islands the 
water supply is scant and the problem of securing water for domestic 



42 UNDEBGKOtTND WATEKS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

purposes is a difficult one. Only a meager supply of surface water is 
obtained because of the scant rainfall. The slight depth of soil makes 
it necessary to dig the wells in bed rock in most places. In some 
instances, however, as about Friday Harbor, the soil is of sufficient 
depth to yield a water supply by means of shallow wells. 

Municipal systems.— The water supply for Friday Harbor comes 
altogether from wells. These yield water of good quality, which 
thus far has been quite satisfactory. The wells are all shallow, not 
often reaching a depth exceeding 18 feet. The water is obtained 
from beds of gravel. These are overlain by clay, thus preventing 
surface drainage from entering the wells. A good water supply for 
the town of Friday Harbor can be had in Sportsmans Lake, which is 
3i miles away and lies at an elevation of about 75 feet above the 
town. The lake covers 90 acres and is fed by springs. 

SKAGIT COUNTY. 

General statement. — Skagit County is in the northwestern part of 
the State and lies between Whatcom County on the north and Snoho- 
mish County on the south. It extends from Puget Sound on the 
west to the summit of the Cascades on the east. The coast is very 
irregular. The topography of the western part of the county is that 
of a plain lying but little above the sea. The eastern half is very 
rough and broken and embraces some of the most rugged portions of 
the Cascades. A prominent feature of the surface is the great valley 
of Skagit River, which has an east-west course through the county 
and upon the broad delta of which the principal towns are located. 
Dikes have been built along the coast and the lower reaches of the 
river to keep the alluvial plain from being overflowed. The tide runs 
up Skagit River for about 20 miles. 

The yearly rainfall varies from 30 inches along the coast to an 
average of 50 inches in the mountains. Practically all of the region 
was once forest covered, and the cedars of the Skagit Valley are 
among the largest and best to be found in the State. The timber of 
the broad alluvial plain along the lower course of the river has been 
largely removed and excellent farms have taken its place. The most 
valuable farm land in the State is found here, the amount of rainfall 
and the excellent quality of the soil being conducive to very high 
agricultural returns. 

In the region south of Hamilton and immediately about Cokedale 
are outcropping Tertiary sandstones and shales which are coal bearing 
and in which coal mines have been opened. The extent of these 
sedimentary areas is unknown, since they are largely concealed by 
the alluvial deposits of the river, glacial sediments, etc. East of 



I is-Bi sKMiiT COUNTY. 4.'i 

Hamilton is a north-south holt of slates and schists containing small 
bodies of iron ore. Among the islands at the western end of the 
county arc frequent outcrops of slates, schists, and other metamorphic 
rocks. Along the borders of the valley of the lower Skagit are thick 
deposits of glacial sediments, from which water is often obtained by 
means of wells and springs. The towns located in the valley of the 
Skagit may secure supplies of water either from the springs on the 
adjacent hillsides or from shallow wells that have been sunk into the 
sands and gravels of the river plain. 

Municipal systems. The town of Anacortes obtains its water from 
Lake Heart, which is fed by springs. The lake is about 250 feet 
above the town, so a gravity system of waterworks is used. Lake 
Heart, although now supplying enough water for the use of the town, 
will in time become inadequate. Other desirable sources of supply 
may easily be found in Cranberry and Whistler lakes, which lie near 
the town. The water now used is of good quality and is quite satis- 
factory. Some of the wells of the region are shallow, but the best 
water is obtained at a depth of about 80 feet. Not even the deepest 
wells enter bed rock, the materials passed through being clay above, 
with beds of gravel below. 

Hamilton secures its water suppty exclusively from wells. These 
are shallow, since the town is located on the flood plain of Skagit 
River. The wells range in depth from 10 to 25 feet. The height 
of water in the wells depends upon the stage of water in the river. 
The water in the wells all comes from the river by seeping through 
the coarser materials of the flood plain. In each well a lateral move- 
ment of the water in the same direction as the flow of the river may 
be readily seen. 

The water that is used at Laconner is brought from a spring by 
a gravity system. The water is of good quality, and is ample in 
amount for present demands, but may need to be supplemented in the 
future. 

Water for the use of the town of Mount Vernon is obtained from 
a large spring. From the spring water is pumped into a reservoir 
located on a hill above the town and is then distributed by gravity. 
The water is very pure, there being no sources of contamination, 
and it is sufficient in amount for present and future needs. The 
wells of the region range in depth from 10 to 11 feet. They do not 
enter bed rock, but are altogether in the alluvium of the valley. In 
some instances the well water is not of good quality. 



44 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

SKAMANIA COUNTY. 

General statement. — Skamania County lies on the southern border 
of the State, south of Lewis County, between Yakima and Klickitat 
counties on the east and Cowlitz and Clarke counties on the west. The 
proportion of low plain to high mountain is less than in any other 
county in the State. With the exception of a very narrow plain along 
Columbia River the entire county consists of rugged mountains which 
have a general height of about 5,000 feet above sea level. From east 
to west the county covers very nearly the entire width of the higher 
Cascades in this part of the State. The highest point is Mount St. 
Helens, with an elevation of about 10,000 feet, standing near the 
northern border line. St. Helens is a volcano that is said to have 
shown slight signs of activity since white settlers first came to Wash- 
ington. It has suffered but little erosion and is symmetrical in outline. 

The rainfall ranges from 60 inches or a little more in the north- 
western part to 40 inches on the southeastern border. The elevation 
is such that the rainfall is heavy. It should be noted, however, that 
not all of the precipitation is in the form of rain, but that some of it, 
especially in the northwestern part of the county, is in the form of 
snow. With the exception of a few mountain peaks the surface is 
entirely forested, and over one-half of the county is within the limits 
of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve. 

Little is known of the geology of the county. Nothing but basalt, 
presumably belonging to the Columbia River lava, appears along 
Columbia River. About 15 miles north of the river, northeast of 
Skye, outcrops of granite occur. These outcrops are believed to be 
at the southern end of a belt of granite which runs northward through 
the county, passing between Mount St. Helens on the west and Mount 
Adams on the east. The warm springs which occur at Cascades seem 
to indicate that there are igneous rocks at moderate depths in that 
vicinity which are not yet entirely cooled. Very little information is 
at hand regarding the details of the water resources of the county, 
since it is very sparsely peopled. The only settlements are located in 
the immediate vicinit}^ of Columbia River. 

Springs. — Near Cascades post-office, on Columbia River, in sec. 16, 
T. 2 N., R. 7 E., is a mineral spring owned by Thomas Moffett. The 
water seeps out at the base of a hill, and flows 25,000 gallons daily, 
with no variation from season to season. The water has a tempera- 
ture of 96° F. Gas is constantly escaping and the water is known to 
carry iron and sulphur. At the spring a bath house and a hotel of 25 
rooms were erected some years ago. Plans have been drawn for a 
new hotel of 100 rooms, new bath houses, and a swimming tank 60 feet 
long, 20 feet wide, and 7 feet deep. The water is of medicinal value, 



landbs.] 81T0H0MISH COUNTY. 45 

being especially healthful in diseases of the .stomach and kidneys. 
The water is bottled and placed on the market, $1,200 worth having 
been sold in L902. 

snoiiomisii county. 

General statement. — Snohomish County is located in the northwest- 
ern part of the State, between Skagit County on the north and Kino- 
County on the south, and extends from the summit of the Cascades to 
the shores of Puget Sound. The surface of the western third of the 
county is that of a low plain either level or covered with low hills. 
The eastern two-thirds has a mountainous topography, varying from 
the low foothills on the west to the lofty snow- and ice-covered peaks 
on the main divide. The mountains have been trenched by Skykomish 
River and the North and South forks of the Stilaguamish, all of which 
flow in deep valleys. These rivers have in general a westerly course, 
and the watersheds are separated by bold spurs which extend outward 
from the main mountain mass. 

There is a considerable difference between the rainfall of the lowlands 
along the coast and that in the high mountains. Along the western 
border of the county the annual rainfall averages 35 inches; at the foot- 
hills of the mountains it is 50 inches; while within the mountains, and 
especially toward the eastern summit, it reaches 60 inches and over. In 
the vicinit} T of Monte Cristo, about Glacier Peak, and elsewhere in the 
high mountains the snowfall is very heavy and great fields of snow 
and many glaciers are the result. With the exceptions of the high 
mountains that are covered with snow or ice, or are barren of soil, 
almost all parts of the county are heavily forested. The best timber 
is found on the plains and the low hills in the western part of the 
county and in the larger valleys of the mountains. The northeastern 
part, embracing over a third of the county, is included in the Wash- 
ington Forest Reserve. 

In the western end of the county the bed rock appears at very few 
places because of the great thickness of the glacial sediments. There 
are a few outcrops of Tertiary sandstones and shales, which are not 
coal bearing, as far as observed. The mountainous portion is com- 
posed of a great complex of metamorphic rocks with many varie- 
ties of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. The water supply of 
the county is obtained in part from the mountain streams and in part 
from the glacial deposits, in the latter case either from springs or by 
means of wells. The several sources afford a very satisfactory supply, 
and there is no part of the county^ that is not abundantly provided 
with water of the finest quality. 

Municipal systems. — The town of Arlington secures water from 
springs, wells, and Stilaguamish River. Both springs and wells are 



46 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

very satisfactory, a large supply of excellent water being thus obtained. 
The wells vary in depth from 20 to 30 feet. They do not enter the 
rock, but have been dug wholly in clay, sand, and gravel. 

Edmunds secures its town supply of water almost wholly from 
springs, only a few wells being in use. The springs yield a supply 
that is satisfactory in both quality and quantity. A gravity system of 
waterworks is used. 

Everett obtains a supply of water from 2 creeks, one flowing within 
a mile and the other within 2i miles of the city. From these streams 
the water is conveyed through pipes of 22 and 8 inches in diameter to a 
reservoir which has the capacity of 1,200,000 gallons. From the 
reservoir the water is distributed by a gravity system throughout the 
city. The water is free from contamination and highty satisfactory 
in every way. The wells in the region about Everett vary in depth 
from 15 to 115 feet, water being usually found at about 100 feet. The 
materials penetrated are surface soil, glacial till or hardpan, and finally 
sand or gravel, which yield the water. Bed rock is not reached even 
in the deepest wells. A large supply of good water may be obtained 
from the wells, which is ample in quantity for domestic demands. The 
following sanitary analysis of the city water of Everett was made by 
Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, on January 10, 

1901: 

Analysis of city water of Everett. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids '. r 300. 80 

Nonvolatile solids . . 252. 80 

Volatile solids 48. 00 

Oxygen consumed 7. 27 

Chlorine 4. 80 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 0. 020 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 0. 050 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 

In Marysville the water supply comes exclusively from wells. The 
wells are all shallow, since the town is located on the flood plain of 
Snohomish River. The water is soft, of good quality, and satisfactoiy 
for the present, at least. It is planned to use at some future time the 
water of Lake Stephens, which is located conveniently near. 

The water supply for Monroe is obtained from two small creeks. 
In this way very pure water is had, and in quantity sufficient for 
present and future needs. A gravity system of waterworks is in 
operation. The wells are from 18 to 50 feet in depth. None of them 
enter rock, all being wholly within the alluvial materials of the river 
valley. An analysis of water from the Monroe supply was made by 
G. L. Tanzer, of Seattle, on August 3, 1903. He found that there 
was 0.049 grain of solid matter in 1 liter (33.81 fluid ounces) of 



landbs.] SNOHOMISH AND SPOKANE COUNTIES. 47 

water. A qualitative analysis of the solid matter showed it to con 
tain magnesium and sodium chlorides, with a trace of calcium car- 
bonate. No ammonia, nitrogeneous matter, iron, or silicates were 
found. 

Monte Cristo obtains a water supply from a mountain stream, using 
a gravity system. The water comes directly from the snow fields 
near by and is very cold and pure. The quantity is greater in autumn 
and spring than in other seasons, but probably will always be equal to 
every demand. Besides its uses as a domestic and boiler supply it is 
also used in an ore concentrator. 

The water supply of Silyerton comes from mountain streams which 
head in the fields of snow and ice near the town. The water is there- 
fore of exceptional purity and niajr be had in quantity sufficient for 
all possible needs. It is used as a domestic supply, for water power, 
and in concentrating ore. 

Snohomish secures its supply from Pilchuck River, a stream heading 
to the east in the Cascade Mountains. The water is pumped into a 
reservoir having a capacity of 500,000 gallons and is then distributed by 
gravity. There are no sources of contamination and the water is of 
good quality. The quantity is sufficient for all future needs. The 
wells about Snohomish range in depth from 15 to 55 feet. In digging 
the wells glacial till or hardpan is first passed through, and the water 
is obtained from the beds of gravel that lie below. The following 
sanitary analysis of water from the city supply was made by Prof. H. G. 
Byers, of the University of Washington: 

Analysis of city water from Snohomish. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 41. 50 

Nonvolatile solids 23. 22 

Volatile solids 18. 28 

Oxygen consumed 3. 75 

Chlorine 4. 00 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 010 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 093 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates 400 

SPOKANE COUNTY. 

General statement. — Spokane County lies in the extreme eastern 
part of the State, with Stevens County on the north, Lincoln County 
on the west, and Whitman County on the south. In the main the 
surface is that of a plateau, with an average height of about 2,000 feet 
above the sea. The only exceptions to the plateau aspect to be noted 
are the mountains in the northeast corner, of which Mount Carl- 
ton is the highest, and the high hills or low mountains in the south- 



48 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

eastern part along the Idaho boundary. The principal stream, Spokane 
River, flows in a broad, shallow valley from the eastern border of the 
count}^ to the city of Spokane; at this point it enters a canyon, of very 
moderate depth at first, but gradually deepening as the river flows 
northwestward to join the Columbia. 

The average rainfall is about 20 inches per year. The precipitation 
on the western border is somewhat less than this, while on the eastern 
side it is a little more. The result is that in a general way the eastern 
half of the county is forested, while the western half is a prairie. The 
grassy plains have been largely replaced by wheat fields, since the 
rainfall is always ample to secure a crop of this cereal. The forest 
growth is rather sparse, the trees are of only moderate size, and there 
is little undergrowth. 

Spokane County lies partly within the Columbia River lava field, 
the bed rock of the southwestern half being basalt. As this is the 
border line of the lava field the basalt is comparatively thin and the 
underlying rocks occasionally appear through it. The northwestern 
part of the county is chiefly a granite region, with occasional areas of 
gneiss and schist. Among these rocks basalt often appears in the 
form of narrow tongues which have extended outward from the main 
mass of lava. The valley of Spokane River in Glacial time was almost 
entirely filled by a gravel train, only a minor portion of which has 
been removed. At Spokane Falls is a jutting ledge of basalt, and the 
river drops 130 feet. Within the gravels and sands of the river val- 
leys good water is obtained by means of deep wells. Upon the lava 
plateau domestic supplies of water are secured from wells ranging 
from 30 to 135 feet in depth. Some of the basalt is porous, and 
where such rock outcrops along the bases of hills springs are often 
found. 

Municipal systems. — Cheney obtains a water supply from a lake and 
from wells. The lake supply is the more commonly used, but water 
from the wells is more satisfactory. An ample amount is secured for 
the present and doubtless for all future needs. A direct pressure sys- 
tem of waterworks is in use. The wells vary from 30 to 50 feet in 
depth, water being most commonly found at 40 feet. They all enter 
basalt after passing through a layer of clay at the surface. Very good 
water is secured. The water level scarcely varies from season to sea- 
son, and is not affected by pumping. 

The town of Medical Lake secures water from Clear Lake, located 
3i miles to the south. The water is hard, but quite satisfactory other- 
wise. A supply sufficient for all possible demands may be obtained. 
In the wells about Medical Lake water is usually found at a depth of 
15 feet; but the range of depth of the wells is from 10 to 40 feet. The 
wells are all in basalt, the porous or scoriaceous layers of the rock 
being water bearing. 



LANDKS. 



BPOKANE COUNTY. 4'.> 



An analysis of the water of Medical Lake, made by (J. A Mariner, 
of Chicago, is as follows: 

Analysis of water of Medical Lake. 

[Parts per thousand.] 

Silica 0. 1825 

Alumina ami iron oxide 0120 

Calcium carbonate 0031 

Magnesium carbonate 0040 

Sodium chloride 2869 

Potassium chloride 1610 

Sodium carbonate 1089 

Potassium carbonate Trace. 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Borax Trace. 

Hillyard obtains a supply of water from deep wells. These are com- 
monly from 190 to 200 feet in depth and are wholly in gravel. The 
water is soft and of the best quality. The supply at present is suffi- 
cient for all needs, but it is doubtful if it will be ample for the future. 

Latah uses wells exclusively as a source of water supply. Later on 
water may be taken from a large spring- above the town. The wells 
are shallow, as a rule, varying in depth from 25 to 40 feet. They 
enter rock, and a layer of clay at the surface tends to prevent contam- 
ination from above. The water level varies but little throughout the 
year. One well sunk to a depth of 135 feet flows constantly. 

The city of Spokane obtains its supply of water from Spokane River. 
The pumping plant is on the river bank about 5 miles above the city. 
A direct pressure system of waterworks is used. There are no sources 
of contamination and the water is of a high degree of purity, as well as 
ample in quantity for all probable future needs. 

The following sanitary anatysis of city water from Spokane was 
made on April 23, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of 
Washington: 

Sanitary analysis of city water from Spokane. 
[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 50. 24 

Nonvolatile solids 34. 43 

Volatile solids 15. 81 

Oxygen consumed 2. 13 

Chlorine 1. 50 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 004 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 0363 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates 018 

Deep wells. — The Hillyard Town Site Company has a well which is 
used to supply the town of Hillyard with water. It has a diameter of 

irr 111—05 4 



50 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

44 inches and a depth of 200 feet. It was dug in 1900 at a cost of 
^500. The amount of water obtained is about 50,000 gallons per day. 
The water level in the well rises and falls with the water level of 
Spokane River, which flows not far away. 

Springs. — William Forthman owns a spring near Latah, in sec. 26, 
T. 21 N. , R. 45 E. The water issues as a small stream at the foot of a 
hill. The spring has a minimum flow of 720 gallons per day and is 
much stronger in the springtime. The water is soft, clear, and of 
excellent quality. It is used for general farm purposes. In the 
vicinity of Latah are a number of large springs. 

STEVENS COUNTY. 

General statement. — Stevens County lies in the northeast corner of 
the State, bordering on Idaho and British Columbia. The surface is 
characterized by three conspicuous mountain ridges and three north- 
south valleys. The ridges lie between Columbia and Colville rivers, 
between Colville and Pend Oreille rivers, and east of the latter stream 
along the county boundary. Of the three ridges the first one men- 
tioned is the lowest, with an average height of about 4,500 feet. The 
second and third ridges have a maximum elevation of about 7,000 feet. 
Columbia River flows in a deep valley that is usually bordered by 
glacial terraces. The valley of Colville River is wide and the stream 
has an extensive flood plain, which overflows at certain seasons of the 
year. For the first 50 miles of its course within the county Pend 
Oreille River flows very slowly, in a broad valley that is bordered with 
much agricultural land; farther down the stream crosses a belt of 
harder rocks, in which it flows in a long, tortuous canyon. 

The rainfall averages about 20 inches per year. This is sufficient to 
permit of agriculture without irrigation. Practically the entire count} r 
was once forested, although the region seems to be near the border 
land of forest and prairie. The trees do not grow very near together 
and the undergrowth is very scant. Asa rule the grasses grow every- 
where among the trees. The forest is being removed at a rapid rate, 
the demands of the lumbermen on one hand and of the farmers on the 
other tending toward the deforesting of the county in a comparatively 
short time. 

Stevens County is largely a region of crystalline rocks. The north- 
south ridges between the principal streams are composed chiefly of 
granite. Flanking the granites and within the valleys are large areas 
of marbles, quartzites, slates, and other metamorphic rocks. The 
marbles occur very generally throughout the county and are of eco- 
nomic importance both as an ornamental stone and for the manufacture 
of quicklime. At several places are outcrops of coal-bearing sand- 
stones and shales, which represent remnants of lacustrine sediments of 



landes.] STEVENS COUNTY. 51 

Tertiary time. The basalt of the Columbia River lava extends a little 
way into the county along the southern boundary. The towns depend 
for the most part upon streams for their water supplies. The water 
in virtually every stream is free from contamination and is of excellent 
quality. In general, the soil is of sufficient thickness to contain enough 
water for the domestic supplies needed in the smaller towns and 
through the country. The wells for the most part are shallow and do 
not often exceed 40 or 50 feet in depth. 

Municipal systems. — Bossburg secures water from Columbia River, 
beside which the town is situated. The water is pumped into a res- 
ervoir, from which it is distributed about the town by gravity. The 
supply is satisfactory in every waj 7 . There are no wells about Boss- 
burg-, but there are some springs which are utilized. 

Colville depends mainly upon springs, but in part upon two streams, 
for its water supply. The water from all of these is of line quality, 
there being no sources of contamination. A gravity system of water- 
works has been installed. The wells about Colville range in depth 
from 10 to 30 feet, the usual depth being 20 feet. The water comes 
from beds of sand, which are overlain by clay. 

Water for Marcus is taken from Columbia River. The water is 
satisfactory from all standpoints. The wells vary from 18 to 60 
feet in depth. Beds of clay are first penetrated, then sand, and finally 
gravel. 

Northport obtains its water supply from Deep Creek, a small stream 
emptying into Columbia River. There are no sources of contamination, 
and the water is satisfactory, although very hard. A large amount may 
be secured, sufficient for all future needs. The water is first pumped 
into tanks which stand upon a hill above the town and is then distrib- 
uted by gravity. Besides its domestic use it is also used as a boiler 
supply by the Northport Smelting and Refining Company. 

The water for Springdale is taken from a mountain stream. The 
spring flows for some distance over limestone, hence the water con- 
tains some lime. The supply is believed to be sufficient for all future 
needs. A gravity system of waterworks is in use. The wells about 
Springdale range from 30 to 100 feet in depth, water being commonly 
found at depths of 40 to 50 feet. The more shallow wells are wholly 
in the soil or mantle rock, but the deeper wells all enter bed rock. 

Deep wells. — In sec. 9, T. 35 N., R. 39 E., near Colville, the Pacific 
States Oil Company drilled a well in 1901 when prospecting for oil. 
The total depth reached was about 700 feet. At the top the well has 
a diameter of 10 inches, at the bottom 6 inches. A water-bearing 
stratum was reached at 400 feet, and water now flows from the well 
mouth at the rate of 3 or 4 gallons per minute. The cost of the well 
was $3,000. In drilling the well, beds of limestone, sandstone, lime- 
stone, shale, and sandstone were passed through in succession. 



52 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

THUE8TON COUNTY. 

General statement. — Thurston County is located in the southwestern 
portion of the State, at the head of Puget Sound, with Chehalis County 
lying between it and the Pacific Ocean. The county lies entirely 
within the basin of Puget Sound and the surface is essentially that of 
a low plain. For the most part the plain is quite level, with here and 
there occasional low bills. In the western part of the county the Black 
Hills rise 300 or 400 feet above the general level. In the southeastern 
part of the county there are a few low hills which mark the extreme 
outliers of the Cascades. The Puget Sound shore is very irregular, 
abounding in indentations and bordered by numerous islands. 

In the central part of the county the annual rainfall averages 50 
inches. In the eastern and western parts it is 60 inches or a little 
more. The precipitation is practically altogether in the form of rain, 
since falls of snow occur very rarely. 

The bed rock is not often exposed in Thurston County. In the 
neighborhood of Tenino and Bucoda there are occasional outcrops of 
sandstone, which are of economic importance, as they afford a good 
grade of building stone, and also contain coal, which has been mined 
to some extent. In the northwestern part of the county, at Gate, there 
are several outcrops of basalt, but how far north, within the Black 
Hills, this rock extends is not known. Glacial sediments abound 
over nearly the entire county. These sediments are usually coarse 
gravels which represent outwash plains. Oftentimes the gravel plains 
are soil covered to such a slight degree that they are almost barren. 
Upon the plains the forest growth when present is very sparse and 
prairie conditions often prevail. The rainwater sinks away quickly 
into the gravels and the drainage is largely underground. The streams 
are few, only the larger ones flowing persistently throughout the year. 
Occasionally a good soil covers the gravel plains and good farming 
land is found. The hills noted above are heavily forested, and from 
them several streams flow out upon the plains. An ample supply of 
water is easily obtained throughout the county. Within the region 
of the gravel plains water is often obtained from springs and may 
always be had by means of wells, which rarely exceed 50 feet in depth. 
From the beds of sand and gravel in the vicinity of Olympia excellent 
water has been obtained from wells that vary from 125 to 175 feet in 
depth, the water sometimes outflowing at the surface. 

Municipal systems.— -The water supply for Olympia is obtained from 
springs. The water is pumped into a reservoir, from which it is dis- 
tributed by a gravity system. At the present time about 3,000,000 
gallons per day are obtained. This will doubtless prove sufficient for 
all future needs. 



LANDEB.] WALLLAWALLA COUNTY. 53 

The Tenino water supply comes entirely from wells, which ha\ e an 
average depth of about 35 feet and are wholly in sand and gravel. 
The supply of water, while ample for present needs, will doubt less ha\ e 
to be superseded by a larger supply in the future. 

Deep wells. On the capitol grounds in Olyinpia some wells have 
recently been drilled in order to secure a water supply for the capitol 
building. No rock was penetrated in drilling the wells, the water- 
bearing material being sand. Two of these wells have depths of 152 
feet each, and the third has a depth of 138 feet. Each well has a 
diameter of 2 inches. They are all flowing - wells, the water rising 
about 2 feet above the ground. From the deeper wells flows of 6 and 
4 gallons per minute are obtained, while from the third well a flow of 
2 gallons per minute is had. The wells are located about one-fourth 
mile from the shore of Puget Sound and their mouths are 25 or 30 
feet above mean tide. The rate of flow diminishes at low tide and 
increases at high tide. The wells have been cased throughout with 
2-inch casing. The cost of drilling the wells was $1 per foot. 

WALLAWALLA COUNTY. 

General statement. — Wallawalla County is located in the south- 
eastern part of the State, along the Oregon boundary, and east of 
Columbia and Spokane rivers. The region along Columbia River is 
very low, being but 300 or 400 feet above the sea. From this low 
plain there is a gradual ascent eastward in the direction of the Blue 
Mountains. The eastern part of the county is a region of high, rolling 
hills, with deep ravines or valleys. The hills in outline show the 
influence of the wind, and many of them are essentially of eolian 
origin. The prevailing winds are from the southwest, and hence the 
hills have their more moderate slopes upon their southwestern sides, 
while their steeper slopes are to the northeast. 

The rainfall shows a very close relationship to elevation. In the 
lowest part, along Columbia River, the annual rainfall amounts to 10 
inches or a little less. In a north-south belt through the center of 
the county it is 15 inches, and in the eastern part it reaches 20 or 25 
inches. This is sufficient to afford a tree growth which, though 
sparse at first, becomes of considerable importance when the summit 
of the Blue Mountains is reached. Through the central part of the 
county trees do not grow naturally, and prairie conditions prevail. At 
the western end of the county, where the rainfall is least, grasses give 
way to sagebrush. In this part of the county irrigation is necessary 
in order that agriculture may be carried on successfully. The rolling- 
prairies of the major portion of the county are famous wheat pro- 
ducers, and in the neighborhood of Walla Walla very fine fruit is 
raised. 



54 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

In the northwestern part of the county the rocks are in the main 
sandstones and shales, which were deposited in a lake in middle Ter- 
tiary time. Along' the Snake and the Columbia these rocks are largely 
covered by alluvial deposits. In the remaining part of the county the 
bed rock, as far as known, is altogether basalt. Usually the rock is 
deeply buried by the heavy mantle of soil, and outcrops but rarely. 
Springs often occur along the bases of the hillsides, wherever porous 
basalt appears at the surface. The wells are usually shallow and dug 
entirely within the soil. The deep well which has recently been drilled 
near Walla Walla is of great importance, since it has established the 
fact that an artesian basin exists here, and that flowing water may be 
secured at depths of from 500 to 600 feet. 

Municipal systems. — The water supply of Walla Walla is secured 
chiefly from springs, but in part from infiltration ditches. The amount 
of water is barely sufficient in the dry season, and a larger supply is 
now being developed at a point about 3 miles above the city. 

A sanitary analyses of the Walla Walla city water, made on April 
12, 1901, by Prof. H. Gr. Byers, of the University of Washington, 
resulted as follows: 

Sanitary analysis of city water from Walla Walla. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 81. 67 

Nonvolatile solids 62. 86 

Volatile solids 18. 81 

Oxygen consumed 2. 89 

Chlorine 1.50 

Nitrogen as free amonia. 008 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia . 0267 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates 452 

Waitsburg obtains a water supply from springs in autumn, winter, 
and spring, and from a creek in summer. The springs afford excellent 
water, and it is planned to replace the creek water by water from deep 
wells. A gravity system of waterworks is in use. The wells about 
Waitsburg vary in depth, the shallow ones being wholly in soil and 
broken rock, while the deeper ones enter the bed rock. In wells of 
the first type water is usually found at 15 to 25 feet, while in the 
second instance the usual depth is 40 feet. 

Deep wells. — On the farm of theBlalock Fruit Company, near Walla 
Walla, a well has recently been drilled (completed May 1, 1903). It 
has a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 564 feet. The first rock 
encountered was basalt, at a depth of 540 feet. The well is a flowing 
one, the rate of flow being 130 gallons per minute. The temperature 
of the water at the well mouth is 67° F. The well has been cased to a 
depth of 540 feet. The water is used in irrigation. The cost of drill- 
ing the well was $1,800. 






lam.ks] UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 55 

WHATCOM COUNTY. 

General statement. Whatcom County lies in the northwestern pari 
of the State, adjoining British Columbia, and extends from the summit 
of the ( lascades to the Strait of Georgia. Topographically the surface 
presents two distinct divisions, the plain of the western half and the 
high mountains of the eastern part. The average height of the plain 
is 200 or 300 feet above the sea. In the southeastern part of the 
county are a number of high hills, which give to the plain a broken 
character. The mountains begin somewhat abruptly, the transition 
from the plain to the real mountains being quickly made. The highest 
peak, Mount Baker, stands at the western front of the Cascades, and 
from this point to the divide on the east the whole area is very rugged. 
The high mountains have been deeply dissected, and this region is 
regarded as one of the most difficult to penetrate in the entire 
Cascades. 

The maximum rainfall is 45 inches per year. This occurs in a 
north-south belt in the vicinity of Mount Baker and also in the north- 
west corner of the county. From Mount Baker eastward there is a 
gradual decrease in the rainfall, so that the amount is about 30 inches 
on the border of the county. Southwest of Mount Baker, also, the 
rainfall decreases to 35 inches in the vicinity of Bellingham Ba} r . 
Mount Baker and all of the highest mountains are covered with snow 
fields and glaciers. These serve as reservoirs and assure a constant 
flow to the streams throughout the year. The abundance of precipi- 
tation and the great elevations of the region give rise to waterfalls, 
which will be of great usefulness for power purposes. The falls of 
the Nooksack, with an effective head of water of 179 feet, are now 
being developed. 

What is now the western part of the county was a large lake in 
Tertiary (probably Oligocene) time. The deposits made in this lake 
were mainly sandstones, with some conglomerate and a little shale. 
These rocks outcrop very commonly in the southeastern part of the 
county, but in the northwestern portion they are almost entirety 
covered with glacial sediments. The lacustrine sediments aggregate 
many thousands of feet in thickness, their extent in this direction 
being as yet unknown. They are coal bearing near the base. The 
principal mines for the mining of this coal are located at Blue Canyon, 
on the shore of Lake Whatcom. The mountainous part of the county 
is virtually unknown geologically, but the rocks are chiefly metamor- 
phics and igneous intrusions, with great lava flows in the vicinity of 
Mount Baker. 

Whatcom County is abundantly supplied with water. The moun- 
tain streams furnish a large amount of excellent water for the use of 
the towns upon the plains. There are also a number of glacial lakes, 



56 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. ill. 

such as Whatcom, Padden, and Saniish, which are natural reservoirs 
of good water. From the glacial sediments of the northwestern part 
of the county large quantities of water are obtained from springs or 
by means of wells. The glacial sediments are usually made up of 
alternating beds of till and water-bearing gravel and sand, and sur- 
face contamination is thereby eliminated. 

Municipal systems. — The water supply for Blaine comes from 
springs. The water flows into a reservoir, from which it is distributed 
by gravity. The quality of water is very good, and the quantity 
sufficient for all future needs. The wells in use about Blaine are 
shallow, ordinarily not more than 14 feet in depth. Water is found 
in gravel, usually at a depth of 10 feet. The town supply is used in 
the boilers of sawmills, and in the salmon canneries, and for general 
domestic purposes. 

Fairhaven obtains a water supply from Lake Padden, a glacial lake 
south of the city. A gravity system of waterworks is used. A large 
amount of water may be obtained from this lake, but if the supply 
should ever be insufficient water may also be taken from the South 
Fork of Nooksak River or from Lake Samish. The water from Lake 
Padden is very pure, as is shown by the following analysis, made by 
the Deakbof Drug and Chemical Company, of Chicago: 

Analysis of water from Lake Padden. 
[Grains per gallon.] 

Silica 0.467 

Calcium sulphate 329 

Magnesium carbonate 129 

Sodium and potassium sulphates 606 

Sodium and potassium chlorides 401 

Iron oxide .• None. 

Total solids 1. 932 

In Sumas wells are depended upon, primarily, as a source of water 
supply, although some small streams are used to a slight degree. 
Water obtained in this way is of good qualit}^ although the quantity 
is hardly sufficient for present needs, and some other source must be 
provided in the future. It has been suggested that a deep well be 
bored as a future source of supply. Wells in and about the town of 
Sumas are driven wells, for the most part, and have a range in depth 
of 40 to 90 feet. Water is most commonly found between 40 and 
60 feet. The glacial sediments about Sumas are thick, and the wells 
have been driven entirely in these. Beds of clay were usually 
encountered first, with beds of sand and gravel below, from which the 
water was obtained. In a few instances the water in the wells rises 
to the surface. The water level varies but very little from season to 
season. 



lashes.] WHITMAN COUNTY. 57 

The city of Whatcom obtains its water supply from Lake Whatcom. 
The lake is several square miles in area and is located in the hills 
southwest of the city. It lies at a sufficient height above the level of 
the town to give a good head to the water, so that a gravity system 
of waterworks may be used. The water is of excellent quality, the 
only sources of contamination being- sawdust and other refuse from 
the sawmills on the shores of the lake. The catchment basin of the 
lake is of ample size and insures a large storage of water in the lake 
basin, so that the water supply will be sufficient for all the future needs 
of the city. The water is used for domestic purposes and in the many 
manufacturing plants which are located about Whatcom. The follow- 
ing sanitary analysis of water from Lake Whatcom was made March 10, 
1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington: 

Analysis of water of Lake Whatcom. 

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids 158. 86 

Nonvolatile soiids 1 16. 52 

Volatile solids 42. 34 

Oxygen consumed 2. 03 

Chlorine 3. 80 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 004 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 033 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 

WHITMAN COUNTY. 

General statement. — Whitman County lies along the Idaho boundary, 
south of Spokane County and east of Adams County. The surface is 
in general that of a plateau, with an average height of about 2,000 feet 
above the sea. Rising above the plateau, especially along the eastern 
border of the county, are several high hills which represent the extreme 
outliers of the mountains of Idaho. Of such hills Steptoe Butte is a 
good example, rising about 700 feet above the plateau. The plateau 
is generally covered with low hills of a marked eolian type. From the 
profiles of these hills it is seen that the prevailing winds which fashioned 
them came from the southwest. Along the southern border of the 
county Snake River flows in a canyon which has a depth of from 2,000 
to 3,000 feet below the level of the plateau. The principal tributaries 
of the Snake within the county likewise flow in canyons, and hence 
indicate that the dissection of the plateau is under way. 

The average rainfall is about 20 inches. This decreases to 15 inches 
along the western border and increases to 25 inches in the higher 
portion along the eastern boundary. With the exception of a slight 
forest growth on the eastern margin and of a few trees which grow in 
the valleys along the streams, the entire county was once clothed with 



58 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

grasses. The rainfall is of sufficient amount to make the growth of 
wheat possible, so that wheat fields now cover almost every part of 
the plateau. Irrigation is employed only in the canyons of the larger 
streams, such as the Snake. Upon the terraces or benches that border 
the latter river large fruit ranches are found, the water for irrigation 
being supplied by the small tributary streams. 

In the plateau above mentioned basalt forms the bed rock almost 
exclusively. The few buttes or hills along the eastern boundaiy, 
which project above the plateau, are composed of granites, gneisses, 
schists, quartzites, and similar rocks, which indicate the character of 
the floor upon which the basalt outflowed. Along the canyon of Snake 
River in two or three places granite appears, showing that the river 
in trenching the basalt is bringing to light the rocks beneath it. The 
walls of the canyon of Snake River show the basalt in a series of 
8 or 10 practically horizontal flows. The plateau is covered with a 
deep soil and the underlying rock rarely appears. Because of its 
eolian nature the soil is of a very fine grain and has the property of 
retaining moisture to a very marked degree. Oftentimes wells dug 
only into the soil afford a good supply of water. The towns usually 
depend upon deeper wells drilled into the basalt for their water sup- 
plies. As a general thing these wells range in depth from 100 to 300 
feet. In some instances, as at Pullman, water is obtained from beds 
of sand and gravel between the layers of basalt. In other cases very 
porous layers of basalt often afford a plentiful supply of water. In 
some cases flowing wells are secured, this being especially true when 
the wells are drilled in the bottoms of the canyons or in deep valleys. 
Springs are very common along the valley sides wherever porous 
basalt appears at the surface. 

Municipal systems.— Colfax obtains its city supply from Palouse 
River. In this way very good water is obtained ; but it is possible 
that in the future deep wells may be substituted as a source of supply. 
The water is pumped into a reservoir located on a hill above the city, 
from which it is distributed by gravity. The wells about Colfax 
range from 12 to 120 feet in depth. Water is usually found at a 
depth of about 40 feet. All the deeper wells enter the rock, which is 
basalt. No flowing wells have been found; in every instance the water 
must be pumped. 

Oakesdale depends chiefly upon wells, although a few springs and 
cisterns are used. At some places the water is soft, but at other places 
it is hard. Generally speaking, there are no sources of contamination 
and the water is quite satisfactory. The wells on the hills about Oakes- 
dale have been sunk to depths of from 45 to 60 feet in order to obtain 
water. On the plain at the foot of the hills they are shallow, ranging 
from 10 to 15 feet in depth. In the shallow wells a clay hardpan with 
sand and gravel below are the only materials penetrated, while all the 



i.ani.ks] WHITMAN COUNTY. 59 

deeper wells enter the basaltic rook. The supply of water in the wells 
is stationary, neither increasing nor decreasing as far as known. 

Pullman obtains a water supply from artesian wells. The wells 
vary in depth from loo to L30 feet, water being most commonly found 
at 100 feet. The wells are in basaltic rock, the water coming from 
beds of sand interstratified with the layers of basalt. About 150,000 
gallons of water are obtained daily. The capacity of the wells, how- 
ever, is such that this supply could be doubled if it were necessary. 
It is noted that the wells do not flow as strongly as they did when they 
were first drilled. A gravity system of waterworks is used, the water 
being first lifted by steam pumps from the wells to a reservoir. An 
analysis of the city water, made by Prof. Elton Fulmer, of the Wash- 
ington Agricultural College and School of Science, shows the follow- 
ing composition: 

Analysis of city water from Pullman. 

[Grains per gallon.] 

Silica (Si0 2 ) 3. 49 

Potash (K 2 0) 50 

Soda (Na 2 0) 1. 75 

Lime ( CaO) 1 . 86 

Magnesia (MgO) 1. 31 

Iron oxide (Fe 2 3 ) 06 

Alumina ( A1 2 3 ) 03 

Sulphuric acid (S0 2 ) 08 

Carbonic acid (C0 2 ) - 3. 73 

Chlorine 15 

Total solids 12.96 

Tekoa depends entirely upon an artesian well for its water supply. 
From this well water of a good quality is obtained, there being no 
contamination as far as known. The supply is at present sufficient, 
but will not be large enough in the future. In the region about 
Tekoa water is most commonly found at a depth of about 100 feet, 
although some of the wells reach depths of 175 feet, - All of the wells 
enter rock. In most instances the water rises to the surface, and in 
some cases reaches a height of 10 feet above the mouth of the well. 

Uniontown obtains its water supply from a deep well. The water 
is soft and ver}^ satisfactory in every way, and the quantity is ample 
for present needs at least. The deepest wells about Uniontown have 
a depth of about 200 feet. These wells enter the rock and obtain water 
from beds of sand and gravel intercalated with basalt. There are 
some surface wells which do not enter the rock and which are from 7 
to 10 feet in depth. In none of the wells does the water rise to the 
surface. The water level does not vary during the day or year and is 
not affected by pumping. 

Deep well*. — About Palouse a number of wells have been drilled. 
In general they have a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of from 100 



60 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

to 300 feet. The depth to the principal source of water is, on the 
average, 150 feet. The water is found in beds of sand which lie 
below a capping of basalt. From some of the wells the water flows, 
while in others the water level stands below the surface and pumping 
must be resorted to. The level does not vary during the day or year, 
the supply being constant from season to season. The water as a rule 
is hard, generally containing magnesia and iron. The usual tempera- 
ture of the water at the well mouth is 50 u F. The wells are mostly 
owned by farmers, and the water is used for general farm supply. 
The average cost of a well is $300, while the pumping machinery costs 
from $100 to $200. As a rule the wells are only partially cased, the 
length of casing varying from 20 to 120 feet. 

In and about the city of Pullman are a number of artesian wells, of 
which the two owned by the city and used as a source of municipal 
water supply may be taken as types. One of these wells was drilled 
in 1890 and the other in 1899. They are located near the bed of a 
stream which flows through the center of the city. The mouths of the 
wells are at an elevation of 2,341 feet above the sea. Each well has a 
depth of 110 feet, with a diameter of 6 inches. The wells flow and the 
water rises to a height of 19 feet above the surface. The temperature 
of the water at the well mouth is about 60° F. The supply of water 
has decreased since the wells were drilled. Both wells are cased 
throughout with 6-inch heavy wrought-iron pipe. The cost of each 
well was about $450, and the cost of the pumping machinery necessary 
to lift the water to the reservoir was about $3,000. 

In Tekoa there is an artesian well that was drilled in 1892 to serve 
as a source of water supply for the town. The well was drilled on a 
stream bed. It has a depth of 176 feet and a diameter of 6 inches. Only 
one water-bearing bed was found, that at the bottom of t}ie well. The 
water rises to a height of 8 feet above the surface, and has a tempera- 
ture of 76° F. at the well mouth. The water level has shown no sea- 
sonal variation, and the supply has been constant. The cost of the 
well was $750, and the cost of the pumping machinery was $1,000. 
The casing has been placed in the well only from the surface to solid 
rock. The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company owns a deep 
well at this place, from which is obtained a water supply for loco- 
motives. 

YAKIMA COUNTY. 

General statement. — Yakima County is located in the south-central 
part of Washington, between Columbia River and the summit of the 
Cascade Mountains. The surface presents a great diversity topo- 
graphically. Columbia and Yakima rivers are bordered by broad, low 
plains. Between these streams are a number of ridges or low moun- 
tains which rise a few hundred feet above the general level of the 



i am.ks] YAKIMA COUNTY. 61 

plain. Southwest and west of Yakima River the plain merges into an 
c\ on-topped plateau, which in the course of 20 or 30 miles gives way 
to the foothills of the Cascades. The mountains are comparatively 
low, with a general height of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, except in the 
vicinity of Mount Adams, in the southwestern part of the county, 
where they are much higher, reaching a maximum of 12,400 feet. 

As the county lies partly within the Cascade Mountains and partly 
within the Columbia Plains, it has geologic features common to both 
provinces. The formations of those portions of the Cascades within 
the county are scarcely known at all, but arc believed to consist mainly 
of metamorphic and igneous rocks typical of the interior of the 
range. Immediately east of Cowlitz Pass arc limited areas of Tertiary 
shales and sandstones which contain seams of coal. The coal is a semi- 
anthracite, or a true anthracite in some cases. Along the eastern flank 
of the mountains are occasional flows of andesite, most of which are 
of a very late date. 

The eastern part of the county lies within the Columbia Plains, and 
here the rocks belong almost wholly to two divisions, viz, the Yakima 
basalt and the Ellensburg formation. The Yakima basalt, according 
to Smith, has a vertical thickness in the canyon of Yakima River of 
more than 2,500 feet, and represents ten or more separate flows. For 
the most part the basalt is compact and heavy, but occasionally it is 
cellular or scoriaceous. In color it is black, except on weathered sur- 
faces, where it usually has become brown. In a few instances the 
so-called ash beds, consisting of fine and coarse tuffs, are found inter- 
bedded with the dense compact basalt. The latter has usually a pris- 
matic or columnar structure, the result of the contraction or shrink- 
age of the lava in the process of cooling. The Ellensburg formation 
lies directly on the Yakima basalt, and includes shales, sandstones, and 
conglomerates that, in the main, were deposited immediately after the 
last flows of lava. • In some places there was a final outflow of lava a 
little while after the beginning of the deposition of the clastic rocks. 
The sediments of the Ellensburg formation accumulated to a thickness 
of 1,500 feet or more, and on the evidence of fossil leaves are known 
to be of Miocene age. These rocks are but partially consolidated, and 
have suffered considerable erosion, with the result that they have been 
wholly or in large part removed from much of the area that the} r once 
covered. This formation is of special interest. It contains water, and 
within it the artesian wells of the county have been drilled. 

The Yakima basalt and the Ellensburg formation have been folded 
into a series of arches and troughs, or anticlines and synclines, that 
have, in general, an east-west direction. The general structure of 
the region is well shown along the course of Yakima River, which has 
(ait directly or obliquely across the ridges and alternating troughs. 
As a rule the arches or ridges are comparatively long and narrow, and 



62 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. 111. 

rise from 800 to 1,500 feet above the intervening valleys. The arches 
are almost invariably capped by basalt, the rocks of the Ellensburg 
formation being limited to the valleys and the lower flanks of the ridges. 

The rainfall of Yakima County shows as great a variation in amount 
as is to be found in any area of similar size within the State. In the 
eastern portion the annual rainfall averages 10 inches or a little less. 
From the vicinity of North Yakima westward it increases regularly 
toward the summit of the mountains. Upon the plateau it ranges from 
15 to 25 inches. In the mountains it varies from 30 inches in the foot- 
hills to a maximum of 50 inches along the summit. The effect of the 
rainfall upon the vegetation is of interest. The western end of the 
county is so well forested that it is included within the Mount Rainier 
Forest Reserve. The plateaus and hills of the central and eastern 
parts are bare of trees, but are abundantly covered with grasses. 
Along the low plains of Yakima and Columbia rivers the grasses 
largely disappear and sagebrush takes their place as the principal veg- 
etal covering. Except for the growing of wheat upon the plateaus, no 
attempt is made to carry on agriculture without recourse to irrigation. 
The water for irrigation is obtained chiefly from the streams, but to 
some extent from artesian wells. The streams coming from the moun- 
tains, where the rainfall is heavy, carry a large amount of water. 
Even without the use of impounding reservoirs, enough water may be 
had to irrigate a large part of the plains. In the vicinity of North 
Yakima a number of deep wells have been drilled, which furnish suffi- 
cient water to irrigate large tracts of land. The character and extent 
of this artesian basin have been set forth in Water-Supply and Irriga- 
tion Paper of the United States Geological Survey, No. 55. The towns, 
as a rule, depend upon streams for their supply of water, although sur- 
face wells are frequently used. Upon the plateaus and about the foot- 
hills springs are often found, some of which might be classed as mineral 
springs. 

Municipal systems. — North Yakima obtains its supply of water from 
Naches River. The quantity obtained is sufficient for the present 
and probably for all future needs. The Naches rises in the foot- 
hills of the Cascades, and as there are no sources of contamination the 
quality of water is good. A few wells are used about North Yakima. 
They range in depth from 18 to 25 feet and are wholly in sand and 
gravel. The city water supply is used to a very large degree for irri- 
gating, besides serving as a domestic supply. 

A sanitary analysis of water from the North Yakima city supply, 
made on April 8, 1901, by Prof. EL G. Byers, of the University of 
Washington, resulted as follows: 



undhs.] YAKIMA COUNTY. 63 

Sanitary analysis of city water at North Yakima. 

[I'nrts per million.] 

Total solids 169. 53 

Nonvolatile solids 114. 85 

Volatile solids 54. 68 

Oxygen consumed 1. 79 

Chlorine 2.75 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 008 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia 0177 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 

The town of Prosser obtains a water supply from Yakima River. 
The river gets very low in autumn and may not afford sufficient water 
to meet the future needs of the town. The water is pumped into a 
reservoir and is distributed by a gravity system. A few wells have 
been dug in the region, and these have a depth ordinarily of about 40 
feet. They do not enter bed rock, but are wholly in gravel. 

Deep wells.— In sec. 4, T. 20 N. , R. 12 E. , is a deep well owned by F. E. 
Deeringhotf. It is located on a gentle slope at an elevation of about 
1,100 feet above the sea. It was completed in April, 1899. The well 
was drilled to a depth of 275 feet and then bored for the remainder of 
the way, a distance of 350 feet. The drilled portion has a diameter of 
5| inches, while the bored part has a diameter of 3 inches. Three water- 
bearing beds were found, the first at a depth of 200 feet, the second at 
400 feet, and the third and principal one at 625 feet. The principal 
water-bearing material is sand. When the well was completed the 
water rose to a height of 40 feet above the surface, but at present it 
rises to a height of but 1 foot above the well mouth. The temperature 
of the water at the surface is 74° F. The water is soft and is sulphur 
bearing to a slight degree. In casing the well 40 feet of 5-inch, 120 
feet of 4-inch, and 80 feet of 3-inch pipe were used. The water is 
used entirely for irrigation. 

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., J. H. Gano has an artesian well located 
on a plain. The well was drilled, and has a depth of 826 feet. In the 
upper portion the diameter is 4 inches, while in the lower portion it 
is only 2£ inches. Water-bearing beds were found at depths of BOO 
and 400 feet, besides the principal bed at the bottom. The tempera- 
ture of the water at the well mouth is 78° F. The water rises 40 feet 
above the surface. The supply has not decreased since the well was 
completed. The cost of the well was $1,000. The water is used for 
irrigattng purposes. 

In sec. 9, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., E. S. Hill has a deep well, which was 
completed in 1900. The well was drilled on the slope of a hill, and 
has a depth of 626 feet. From 200 feet downward several water- 
bearing beds were found, the principal one being a stratum of sand at 
the bottom. The well flows, and the supply has not increased or 



64 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [no. HI. 

decreased since the well was completed. The temperature of the 
water at the well mouth is 74° F. The cost was $900. In the well 
490 feet of casing has been placed, the upper portion of this having a 
diameter of 4i inches and the lower portion a diameter of 3i inches. 
The water is used exclusively for irrigation. 

In sec. 6, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., is an artesian well owned by J. W. 
Peck. The well is located in a valley, at a height of about 800 feet 
above sea. It was completed in 1901 at a cost of $1,200. It has a 
diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 828 feet. The principal flow of 
water was found in a sandstone, but other minor water-bearing beds 
were encountered in drilling. The well is a flowing one, the water 
rising 4 feet above the surface. The water flows a little less strongly 
in the summer than in the winter, but on the whole the amount of 
water remains fairly constant. The temperature of the water at the 
well mouth is 74° F. The water carries a little iron, magnesia, and 
sulphur. 

In sec. 10, T. 12 N., E» 20 E., Robert Rein has a deep well, which 
was completed in 1900. The depth of the well is 570 feet, the diameter 
at the top is 6i inches and at the bottom 2f inches. The well is 
located on a plain at a height of 1,500 feet above the sea. The water 
rises about 20 feet above the surface, and the supply has been constant 
since the completion of the well. The temperature of the water at 
the well mouth is 60° F. The cost of the well was $700. The water 
is used for irrigating purposes. 

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., is an artesian well owned by Julius 
Sauve. It is located on a plain at an elevation of 1,155 feet above sea. 
The diameter of the well in the first portion is 4| inches and in the 
bottom portion 2 inches. A number of different flows of water were 
encountered at depths of 790, 861, 876, 890, 907, and finally at the 
bottom at 1,020 feet. The water rises 80 feet above the surface. The 
quantity of water has not changed since the well was first drilled. 
The water at the well mouth has a temperature of 75.2° F. The cost 
of the well was $1 per foot, or $1,020. 

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., David Walters drilled a well which 
was completed Jul}^ 12, 1902. It has a depth of 1,200 feet and a diam- 
eter of 5i inches. The well is a flowing one. The temperature of 
the water at the well mouth is 81° F. The cost of the well was $1,600. 
In casing the well 400 feet of pipe with a diameter of 4 inches and 
620 feet of pipe with a diameter of 3i inches were used. 

Springs.— -In T. 9 N., R. 12 E., on Government land, spring water 
issues as a stream from the base of a bluff of basaltic rock. The 
water is very cold, free from any odor, and colorless. From the 
water bubbles of gas are constantly escaping. An analysis of the 
water made by Prof. H. G. Ityers, of the University of Washington, 
resulted as follows: 



i.anpes.] TABLE OF DEEP WELLS. 65 

Analysis of water from spring in T. 9 A'., /.'. / / E. 

[ Parts per million, ] 

Volatile solids 363.5 

Nonvolatile solids 774. 5 

Total solids 1, 138. 

Silica 1 o<). :: 

Ferric oxide and alumina 82. 

( allium carbonate 2f>t>. 4 

Magnesium carbonate 177. 7 

Sodium chloride 213. 4 

Potassium chloride 38. 7 

Calcium sulphate None. 

Potassium sulphate None. 

In sec. 9, T. 11 N., R. 15 E., on tribal land belonging to the Yakima 
Indians, are some warm and cold springs. The wateT issues as small 
streams from soil and gravel. About the springs are deposits of red- 
dish matter, presumably iron oxide. The cold springs have a soda 
taste, and from them all bubbles of gas are constantly escaping. The 
warm springs are used by the Indians for bathing, and the water is 
believed by them to possess medicinal value. It is used more for 
rheumatism than for any other disease. From all of the springs the 
quantity of flow is constant, no variation being appreciable from 
season to season. 

TABLES OF DEEP WELLS, MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES, 
AND REPRESENTATIVE SPRINGS. 

• Deep wells in Washington. 



County and post-office. 


T. 


R. 


s. 


Name of owner. 


Topographic posi- 
tion. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea. 


Adams County: 

Cunningham 


16 
16 

13 


30 
32 

32 


22 
33 

28 


Thomas and James O'Hair. 
Northern Pacific Rvvy 

W. T. Braden 


Hill 


Feet. 
1,278 




Vallev 


1,157 


Franklin County: 




840 


Island County: 




Hill .. 


125 


Spokane County: 

Hillvard 








Hillyard Town Site Co 
L.J. Walford... 


Plain 


2,000 
1,590 


Stevens County: 

Colville 


35 


39 


9 


Base of hill 

Plain 


Thurston County: 

Olvmpia 


State of Washington. 


30 



IRR 111—05- 



66 



UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. 

Deep wells in Washington — Continued. 



[NO. 111. 



County and post-office. 


T. 


R. 


S. 


Name of owner. 


Topographic posi- 
tion. 


Eleva- 
tion 

above 
sea. 


Walla walla County: 

Walla Walla 


7 


35 


27 


Blalock Fruit Co 


Plain 


Feet. 

825 


Whitman County: 


F. P. Egan 

City of Pullman 


Valley 

Stream bed 

do 


2,000 
2, 341 




14 


45 


5 


Tekoa 




Yakima County: 


20 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 


12 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 


4 
8 
9 
6 
10 
8 
8 


F. E. Deeringhoff 




1 100 


Do 


James H. Gano 

E. S. Hill 


Plain 


1,100 


Do ... 


Slope 




Do 


J. W. Peck 


Valley 


800 


Do 




do 


1 500 


Do 




Plain 


1,155 


Do 

















County and post-office. 



Date 
when 
com- 
pleted. 



Kind of well, 



Diame- 
ter. 



Depth. 



Depth to 

principal 

source of 

water. 



Water-bearing 
material. 



Adams County: 
Cunningham 
Ritzville 

Franklin County: 
Connell 

Island County: 
Coupeville ... 

Spokane County: 
Hillyard 

Stevens County: 

Colville 



Thurston County: 

Olympia 

WalJawalla County: 

Walla Walla . . . 
Whitman County: 

Palouse 

Pullman 

Tekoa 

Yakima County: 

North Yakima . 



Do 
Do 



Do 
Do 



1902 
1901 

1902 

1889 
1900 

1901 

1903 

1903 



1890 
1892 



1899 



1900 
1901 

1900 

1900 
1902 



Inches. 



Drilled 
....do. 



.do 



Dug 



.do 



Drilled 

do . 

do . 



.do 

.do 
.do 



Drilled and 
bored. 



Drilled 



.do 
.do 

.do 

.do 
.do 



Feet. 
426 
355 

676 



48 



6 
6 
6 

51 1 

3 

2iJ 



700 

152 

564 

200 
110 
176 



626 
828 



1,020 
1,200 



Feet. 

426 
300 



152 



150 
110 
176 

625 

820 
620 



1,020 
1,200 



Rock. 

Very porous rock. 

Porous rock. 

Sand. 

Gravel. 

Sandstone. 

Sand. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Porous rock. 

Sand. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 



I.ANPKS.] 



TAHLK <>K DKKT WELLS. 



67 



Deep wells in Washington — Continued. 



County Mini post-office. 


Other 
water- 
bearing 
beds 
found. 


Distance 
water 

rises 
above 
surface. 


Distance 
of water 
from sin- 

lace. 


Tempera 
ture of 

water at 

well 
mouth. 


Amount of 
water ob- 
tained 
daily. 


i acreage or de 
crease of supplj . 


Adams County: 




Feet, 


Feet. 
356 
235 

640 

120 

185 


o f 


Gallons. 




Ritzville 










Stationary. 


Franklin County: 






m 




Island County: 


Yes.... 






Do. 


Spokane County: 

Hillvard 








50, 000 




Stevens County: 

Colville 










Thurston County: 


Yes 


2 






8,640 
187, 000 


Increasing. 

Stationary. 
Do. 


Walla walla County: 

Walla Walla 




67 

50 
60 
76 

74 

78 
71 
74 
60 
75 
81 


Whitman County: 


None . . . 
None . . . 
None . . . 

Two .... 
Two .... 
Two .... 
Yes 

Yes .... 


Several. 

19 

8 

1 

40 

Several. 

4 

20 

80 

Several. 








180,000 




Tekoa 




Stationary. 
Decreasing. 


Yakima County: 






Do 






Do 






Do. 


Do 






Do. 


Do 






Do. 


Do 




Do. 


Do 



















County and post-office. Variat gvi? water 


Effect of pumping 

on level of 

water. 


Quality of 
water. 


How water is 

obtained at 

surface. 


Adams County: 






Soft . . 


Pumping. 
Do. 




do 


Lowers level 10 
feet. 


do 

do 


Franklin County: 


do 


Do. 


Island County: 




Lowers it slightly. 

Lowers level 

slightly. 


Hard 


Do. 


Spokane County: 

Hillyard 


Varies duringyear 


Soft 


Do. 


Stevens County: 

Colville 


Iron bearing.. 




Thurston County: 






Well flows. 


Wallawalla County: 








Do. 


Whitman County: 


do 


Lowers level 


Hard 


Do. 




do 


do 


Do. 


Tekoa 


do 


None 


Soft 


Do. 



68 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 

Deep wells in Washington — Continued. 



[NO. 111. 



County and post-office. 



Variation in water 
level. 



Effect of pumping 

on level of 

water. 



Quality of 
water. 



How water is 

obtained at 

surface. 



Yakima County: 
North Yakima . 



Varies duringyear 



Do 
Do 
Da 
Do 
Do 
Do 



None 



None .. T 

do 

Varies duringyear 

None i None 

Varies duringyear! 



Sulphur bear- 
ing. 

Soft 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Sulphur bear- 



Well flows. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



County and post-office. 



Cost. 



Cost of 
pumping 
machin- 
ery. 



Size and length of casing. 



Use made of the 
water. 



Adams County: 
Cunningham .. 

Ritzville 

Franklin County: 

Connell 

Island County: 

Coupeville 

Spokane County: 

Hillyard 

Stevens County: 

Colville 

Thurston County: 

Olympia 

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla . . . 
Whitman County: 

Palouse 



Pullman 
Tekoa 



Yakima County: 
North Yakima . 



Do 
Do 

Do 
Do 
Do 

Do 



$1,066 

2, 500 

3,000 
350 
500 

3,000 
152 

1,800 

300 
450 
750 



1,000 
900 

1, 200 

700 

1, 020 

1,600 



Diameter, 2 inches; length, 

423 feet. 
Length, 240 feet 



Diameter, 5 inches; length, 
100 feet. 



Diameter, 10 inches; length, 
40 feet. 

Diameter, 2 inches; length, 
152 feet, 

Length, 540 feet 



3,000 
1,000 



Diameter, 5f inches; length, 
150 feet. 

Diameter, 6 inches; length, 
110 feet. 

Diameter, 6 inches 

Diameter, 5 inches; length, 
40 inches. 

Diameter, 4 inches; length, 
120 inches. 

Diameter, 3 inches; length, 
80 inches. 

Diameter, 4, 3, and 2i inches 

Diameter, 4i inches; length , 
497 feet. 



[Diameter, 4 inches; length, 
400 feet. 

Diameter, 3i inches; length, 
i 620 feet. 



Farm supply. 
Locomotives. 

Farm supply. 

Do. 

Town supply. 

None. 



Supply for capitol 
building. 

Irrigation. 



Farm supply. 
City water supply. 
Town supply. 

■Irrigation. 



Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 



INDES | 



Location. 



T Mil.K OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 
Municipal mater supplies in Washington. 



69 



Adams County: 

Ritzville 

Asotin County: 

Asotin 

Clarkston 

Chehalis County: 

Aberdeen 

( losmopolis 

Hoqiiiam 

Montesano . . . 

Oeosta 

Chelan County: 

Chelan 

Lakeside 

Wenatchee 

Clallam County: 

Port Angeles . . 

1'ort Crescent. . 
Clarke County: 

Vancouver 

Columbia County: 

Dayton 

Cowlitz County: 

Castlerock 

Kalama 

Douglas County: 

Wilsoncreek... 
Jefferson County: 

Port Ludlow . . 

Port Townsend 
King County: 

Auburn 

Ballard :.. 

Columbia City. 

Enumclaw 

Issaquah 

Kent 

Renton 

Seattle 

West Seattle... 

Kitsap County: 

Bremerton 

Charleston 

Port Blakeley . 
Port Gamble . . 

Kittitas County: 

Clealum 

Ellensburg 

Koslvn 



Water- 
supply 
system. 



No 

Vis 



Principal sour< 
water. 



( Mher sources, 



Deep wells. 



None 



Asotin Creek 
do 



Yes 

Yes 

Yes.... 

Yes 

No 



Yes 

No 

Yes 



Creek 

Wells 

Hoquiam Rivet 

Springs 

Wells 



Springs 

Lake Chelan. 
Creek 



Yes Frazer Creek 

No Wells 



Yes Springs and deep 

wells. 



Yes Springs. 



Yes Creek.. 

Yes Creeks. 



Yes. 
Yes . 



No . . 

Yes . 



Wells 



Creek 

Deep wells 



Wells. 



Springs and deep 

wells. 

Yes Cedar River 

Yes Mountain streams 

Yes Springs 

Yes d<> 

Yes Spring 

Yes Cedar River and Ce- 
dar Lake. 

Yes Springs 



Wells and cisterns 
None 



Creek... 
Nunc . . . 

do.. 

Springs . 



Lake Chelan. 

Wells 

None 



Wells and springs 
Pond 



None 



Wells . 
None . 



Streams 



None 

Wells and cisterns 



White River. 



None . . 
Wells.. 

do. 

None . . 
Wells.. 
None . . 



.do . 



Yes . . 
Yes . . 
Yes . . 
Yes . . 



do 

Springs and creeks . 

Creek 

Creeks 



Wells. 
do 



Y'es Springs Wells.. 

Y'es Mountain streams do 

Yes Springs and Clealum 

River. 



Sum 
cienl 

supply 
for 

pr<a»n1 

Meeds. 



No.. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

No.. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes . 



No... 

Yes . . 
Yes.. 

No... 

Yes.. 

Yes . . 



Y'es . 
Yes . 

No.. 

Y'es . 
No.. 

Yes . 

Y'es. 

Yes . 
Yes . 
Yes . 
Yes. 
Y'es. 

Yes . 

No.. 

Yes . 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 



70 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 

Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



[no. ill. 



Location. 



Water- 
supply 
system. 



Principal source of 
water. 



Other sources. 



Suffi- 
cient 
supply 

for 
present 
needs. 



Klickitat County: 
Goldendale 

Lewis County: 
Centralia 

PeEll ......... 

Lincoln County: 

Davenport 

Harrington 

Sprague 

Wilbur 

Mason County: 

Shelton 

Okanogan County: 

Loomis 

Pacific County: 

Ilwaco 

Southbend 

Pierce County: 

Buckley 

Carbonado 

Orting 

Puyallup 

South Tacoma . 

Sumner 

Tacoma 

San Juan County: 

Friday Harbor 
Skagit County: 

Anacortes 

Hamilton 

La Conner 

Mount Vernon 
Snohomish County 

Arlington 

Edmonds 

Everett 

Marysville 

Monroe 

Monte Cristo . . 

Silverton 

Snohomish 

Spokane County : 

Cheney 

Hillyard 

Latah 

Medical Lake. 
Stevens County: 

Bossburg 

Colville....... 

Marcus 

NOrthport 

Springdale 



Yes.. 

Yes . . 
No... 



Yes... 
Yes . . . 
Yes... 
Yes... 

Yes . . . 

Yes... 

Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 



Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 



No. 



Yes . 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 



No 

Yes 

Yes.... 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes ... . 

No 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes.... 

No 

Yes 

Yes.... 



Spring. 

Wells . . 
do. 



None 



Skookum Chuck 
River. 

Springs 



Springs 

Wells 

Springs 

Creek and wells. 



Spring 

Sinlahekin Creek . . . 



Spring. 
do. 



None . . . 

Springs . 
Wells... 

Springs. 

None . . . 
Spring.. 



None . 



Well 

Springs 

do 

do 

Wells •.. 

Springs 

Clover Creek and 
springs. 

Wells 



White River . 

None 

Wells 

None 

do 

do 

Three wells. 



Lake Heart. 

Wells 

Spring 

do 



None . . 
do. 



Springs and wells 

Springs 

Wood's Creek 

Wells 

Creeks 

Mountain stream 

do 



Stilaguamish River 
Wells 



Yes . . . 

No... 
No... 

Yes . . . 

Yes... 
Yes... 
Yes... 

Yes.. 

Yes.. 

Yes... 

Yes . . 

Yes.. 
Yes . . 
Yes . . . 
Yes... 
Yes... 
Yes . . 
No.... 

Yes.., 

Yes . . , 
Yes... 
Yes . . 

Yes... 

Yes.. 
Yes.. 
Yes... 



None . . 
Wells.. 
None . . 
do. 



Pilchuck River do 



Lake and wells. 

Deep wells 

Wells 

Clear Lake 



Columbia River . 

Spring 

Columbia River . 

Deep Creek 

Creek 



Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 



Wells . 



None 

Creeks and wells . 
None 



Yes . . 



Yes. 
Yes. 



Wells . 



Yes. 
Yes. 



TABLE! OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 



71 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



Location. 



Thurston County: 

I ilympia 

Tenino 

Wallawalla County: 

Waitsburg 

Walla Walla 

Whatcom County: 

Blaine 

Fairhaven 

Sumas 

Whatcom 

Whitman County: 

Colfax 

Oakesdale 

Pullman 

Tekoa 

Uniontown 

Yakima County: 

North Yakima . . 

Prosser 



Wa tor- 
supply 
system. 



Yes . 
No.. 



Yes . 

Yes . 



Yes . 
Yes . 
No.. 
Yes. 

Yes . 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes . 
Yes. 



Yes. 
Yes. 



Principal sourer of 
water. 



Springs. 

Wells... 



Springs. 
do.. 



. . . .do 

Lake Padden. . . 

Wells 

Lake Whatcom. 

Palouse River . . 

Wells 

Artesian wells. . 

do 

Deep well 



t ither sources. 



None . . 
Spring. 



Creeks 
Creek. 



Three creeks 

Streams 

None 



do.. 

Springs. 



None . 



Naches River None. 

Yakima River do 



Sum- Suffi- 
cient cienl 

supply supply 

lor for fn- 

present lure 

needs, needs. 



Yes . . . 


Yes 


Yes . . . 


No. 


Yes . . . 


No. 


Yes . . . 


No. 


Yes . . . 


Yes 


Yes . . . 


Yes 


No.... 


No. 


Yes . . . 


Yes 



Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

No.. 



Yes. 

Yes. 
No. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
No. 



Location. 



Adams County: 
Ritzville . . . 



Asotin County: 

Asotin Soft 

Clarkston 

Chehalis County: 

Aberdeen 

Cosmopolis 

Hoquiam 

Montesano 

Ocosta 

Chelan County: 

Chelan Hard 

Lakeside ' Soft 

Wenatchee I Contains iron 

Clallam County: | 

Port Angeles I Soft 



Quality of water. 



Hard 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Effect of water 
on the health. 



Good 



.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Sources of con- 
tamination. 



.do. 
.do. 



None . . 

do 

do. 



Good . . 
do 



Some ill effects 
in summer. 



Port Crescent j Somewhat salty 

Clarke County: 

Vancouver ; Soft 

Columbia County: 

Dayton 

Cowlitz County: 

Castlerock 

Kalama.., 



Good 



.do. 



.do 



do ' do . 

Hard do 



Surface drainage. 
None 

Surface drainage 



Decaying vege- 
tation. 



.do 



.do 



.do. 
.do. 



Other sources of 
supply in con- 
templation. 



Additional 
wells. 



None. 
Artesian wells. 

Other creeks. 
None. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Lake Chelan. 
None. 
Do. 

Little River. 
None. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 



72 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 



[NO. 111. 



Municipal, water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



Location. 


Quality of water. 


Effect of water 
on the health. 


Sources of con- 
tamination. 


Other sources of 
supply in con- 
templation. 


Douglas County: 


Alkaline 

Soft 


Good 






Jefferson County: 


do 








do 


do 






King County: 


do 


do 




streams. 




do 


do 








do 


do 




system. 




do. 


do 


None 

do 


Springs. 




do 


do 


Kent 


do 


do 


do 






do 


do... 


do 


springs. 




do 


do 


do 


other springs. 


West Seattle 


do 


do 


do 




Kitsap County: 


do. 


do ... 


do 






do 


do... 


do 


Do. 


Port Blakeley 


do 


do 


Decaying vege- 
tation. 


Do. 




do 


do 


Do. 


Kittitas County: 

Clealum 


do 


do 


do 






Hard . . 


do 


.. do 






Soft 


.. vdo.. 


do 


Do. 


Klickitat County: 

Goldendale 


do 


do 


do 




Lewis County: 


do 






spring. 


PeEll 


do 


Some ill effects. 
Good 




Do. 


Lincoln County: 

Davenport 


do 




Do. 




...do 


do 








do 


...do 




Do. 


Wilbur 


do 


. .do 


do 


Do. 


Mason County: 

Shelton 


do 


do 


do 




Okanogan County: 


...do ... 


. .do 


.. c ..do 




Pacific County: 


...... do 


Not good 

Good 


Decaying vegeta- 
tion. 






do 




Pierce County: 

Buckley 


do 


do 


do... 


Do. 


Carbonado 


do 


do 


Decaying vegeta- 
tion. 


Do. 




.do.. 


do 


Additional 




do 


do 


do 


springs. 
None. 




Hard 


...do 


do 


Do. 




Soft 


do 


do 


Do. 




do. . 


do 


do 


Additional 










wells. 



; \mm a .1 



TABLE OK MUNICIPAL BUPPLIE8. 



73 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued 



Location. 


Quality of water. 


Effect of water 

on the health. 


Sources of con- 
tamination 


( Mher sources oi 

supply in eon 

terrrplation. 


San Juan County: 


Soft 


Good 




• 


Skagit County: 


do 


do 


do 


Oilier lakes. 


Hamilton 


..do 


do 


do 






do 








Soft .. 


do 




Do. 


Snohomish County: 


...do 


do 


do 






....do 


do 








do 


do 




Do. 




. do 


do 


do 


Lake Stephens. 




.do 


do 


do 




.do 


do 


do 


River. 




...do 


do 


do 






....do 


do 


do 


Do. 


Spokane County: 


.do 


do 






Hillyard 


do 


do 




Do. 




. .do 


do 




Springs. 




Hard 


do 


do 


Stevens County: 


Soft .. 


do 


do 


Do. 


Colville 


do 


do 


do 


Do. 




do 


do 


do 


Do. 




Hard 


....do 


...do 


Do. 




Slightly alkaline 
Soft 


. .do. . 


Surface drainage. 


Do. 


Thurston County: 


do 


Do. 


Wallawalla County: 


do 


do 


do 


Do. 


do 






Deep wells. 


Walla Walla 








Whatcom County: 




Good 








Soft 


do 








do 


do 


Surface drainage 
Lumber mills 


Deep well. 




do 


do 


Whitman County: 

Colfax 


do 


do 


Deep wells. 




do 


do 




Pullman 

Tekoa 


Hard 


do 


do 


Do. 


Soft 


do 


do 


Do. 




do 


do 


do 


Do. 


Yakima County: 

North Yakima 




do 


do 


Do. 




Soft 


do 


do 















74 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 



[NO. 111. 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



Location. 



Adams County: 



Ritzville. 



Asotin County: 

Asotin 

Clarkston . 

Chehalis County: 
. Aberdeen 

Cosmopolis . . . 

Hoquiam 

Montesano . . . 

Ocosta 

Chelan County: 

Chelan ... 

Lakeside 



Wenatchee 

Clallam County: 

Port Angeles 

Port Crescent. ... 

Clarke County: 

Vancouver 

Columbia County: 

Dayton 

Cowlitz County: 

Castlerock 

Kalama 

Douglas County: 

Wilsoncreek 

Jefferson County: 

Port Ludlow 

Port Townsend.. 

King County: 

Auburn 

Ballard 

Columbia City 

Enumclaw 

Issaquah 

Kent 

Kenton 

Seattle 

West Seattle 

Kitsap County: 

Bremerton -. 

Charleston 

Port Blakeley 

Port Gamble 

Kittitas County: 

Clealum 

Ellensburg 

Roslyn 

Klickitat County: 

Goldendale 

<* City well. 
b Average well. 



System of waterworks 
used. 



Pumping and gravity . 



Gravitv. 



Direct pressure 

Gravity 

Pumping and gravity 
Gravity 



Gravity . 



Gravity . 
do.. 



Gravity. 
....do.. 



.do. 
.do, 



Gravity 

Direct pressure . 



Direct pressure . 

Gravity 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

Direct pressure. 



Gravity. 

do.. 

do.. 

do.. 



do 

....do 

Direct pressure . 



Depth 
of the 

wells. 



Feet. 
a 385 
6 200 

20-35 



20-40 
10 



35 
50 

Deep. 

20-40 



12-40 
16-20 



30-75 



40-50 

20-160 

12-50 



20-30 



10-45 
15-50 
30-75 



10-16 
10-20 
20-60 



Gravity 12-75 

c Varies on lower ground. 
d Nearly to surface. 



Depth at 
which 

water is 
com- 
monly 
found. 



Feet. 
<?50 



25 



10 



30 
40-E0 



Level of 
lake. 



10-20 
10-12 



25 
25-50 



48 



40 

12-150 

10-30 

10-30 
20 

10-25 

12-40 

50 

10 

20-150 

70 



8-12 
10-20 
12-50 



Character of the 

water-bearing 

material. 



Depth 

of 

water 

from 

surface. 



Porous. 



Gravel and sand 



Sand .. 
do. 



Cement and gravel 
Sand 



Sand 



Sand and gravel. 
Sandstone 



Gravel. 
Basalt . 



Gravel. 
Basalt . 



Gravel . 



Sand and gravel 



do 

do 

do 

do... 

Gravel 

Sand and gravel . 

Gravel 

Sand and gravel. 
do 



Sand 



Gravel. 



Sand and gravel . 

Gravel 

Sandstone 



20 Gravel 

«No appreciable rise. 
/Lake level. 



TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 



75 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



I ,. ication. 


System of waterworks 
used. 


Depth 
of the 
wells. 


Depth .Mt 

u hich 
water is 
coin 
monlv 
found. 


Charai ter ol the 
water-bearing 

material. 


Depth 
of 

water 
from 

surface. 


Iau is County: 


nircct pressure 


Feet. 
20-30 


Feet. 

8 

20-40 
35 
20 

10-15 

10 

20 




Feet. 

6 


Pe Ell 


do 




Lincoln County: 




20-60 
30-100 

20-40 


Basalt 


10 




do 


do 


20 




do 


i , ravel and sand 


4-20 




do 


6-8 


Mason County: 


do 


10-50 
20-30 






Okanogan ( 'ounty : 


do 






Pacific County: 


do 








do 


10-60 
20-60 








Pierce County: 


Direct pressure 


30 




10 












do 


6-20 
10-20 
40-50 


10 

6-10 

40 








Direct pressure 

do 


Sand 






do 


40 












do 


30-100 

13-18 

10-80 
10-25 


50 
10 

16 

18 




30-100 


San Juan County: 




do 


6-8 


Skagit County: 


Gravity 


do 




Hamilton 
















do 


12-14 
20-30 








Snohomish County: 
















do 




Everett 


do 


15-115 


100 
14 
25 


do 










8 




Gravity 

do 


18-50 




8-40 










do 












do 


15-55 

40 

190 

35 

15 




40-45 


Spokane County: 


Direct pressure 

do 


30-50 

190-200 

25-40 

10-40 






Hillyard 


Gravel 185 






Rock 






Basalt 


Stevens County: 










...do 


10-30 


20 
18-60 


Sand 


5-8 






















...do 


30-100 


40-50 


Sand 


15-75 


Thurston County: 


do 






Tenino 




25-40 


35 


Gravel 





76 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 



[NO. 111. 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



Location. 


System of water works 
used. 

« 


Depth 
of the 
wells. 


Depth at 
which 

water is 
com- 
monly 
found. 


Character of the 

water-bearing 

material. 


Depth 

of 

wa|er 

ffom 

surface 


Wallawalla County: 




Feet. 
40-60 
10-20 

10-20 


Feet. 
. 16-40 


• 


Feet. 
12-16 


Walla Walla 


do 






Whatcom County: 


do 


10 


do ' 






do 










40-90 


40-60 










Whitman County: 
Colfax.. .. 


do: 


12-120 
12-60 
100-130 
100-176 
175-200 

18-25 
30-40 


40 

10-45 

100 

100 


j 






Sand and gravel . . . 
do 


10-30 






(a) 


Tekoa 




Basalt 

do 


blO 






Yakima County: 












do 


35 


do 


35 









Amount of 
water ob- 
tained 
dailv. 



Increase or decrease 
in supply. 



Varia- Effect of 

tion in Ipumping 

water Ion water 

level. level. 



Other uses besides 
domestic supply. 



Adams County: 

Ritzville 

Asotin County: 

Asotin 

Clarkston 

Chehalis County: 

Aberdeen 

Cosmopolis . . . 

Hoquiam 

Montesano . . . 

Ocosta 

Chelan County: 

Chelan 

Lakeside 

Wenatchee . . . 
Clallam County: 

Port Angeles . 

Port Crescent. 
Clarke County: 
Vancouver . . . 



Columbia County: 
Dayton 

Cowlitz County: 

Castlerock 

Kalama 



Gallons. 



Stationary. 
do 



No.... 

No.... 



Stationary ' No. 



No.... 

Little. 



Stationary 
do 



.do. 
.do. 



Stationary. 
do 



.do. 



.do. 



Stationary 
a A few feet above. 



Yes . . . 
Yes... 



Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 



Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 

Little. 

Yes... 

Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 



No.. 

Yes. 



Yes. 
No.. 



Yes. 

No.. 



Little... 



No. 



Yes. 
Yes. 



Lawns and gardens. 

Do. 
Irrigation. 



Boiler supply. 
Manufacturing. 



Irrigation. 

Do. 
Lawns and boilers. 

Fire protection and 
power. 



Fire protection, 
power, etc. 



Power. 
Irrigation. 



6 Above. 






TABLE <>!•' MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 
Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued. 



77 



Location 



Amount of 

water ob 

tained 

daily. 



increase or decrease 
in supplj . 



Douglas County: 

Wilsoncreek .... 
Jefferson County: 

I'ort Ludlow. . . 

Port Townsend . 
King County: 

Auburn 

Ballard 

Columbia City. . 

Enumclaw 



Gallons. 



250,000 Stationary 



300,000 I Stationary. 
Stationary. 



Issaquab do 

Kent 

Renton 



Seattle ; 22, 500. 000 

West Seattle 



120,000 i Stationary, 
do 



Kitsap County: 
Bremerton 



Charleston . . . 
Port Blakeley 
Port Gamble . 

Kittitas County: 
Clealum 



Ellensburg 



Roslyn 

Klickitat County: 

Goldendale... 
Lewis County: 

Centralia 

Pe Ell 

Lincoln County: 

Davenport 



150,000 



Decreasing 

Stationary. 



.do. 



do 

Decreasing . 

Stationary. . 



Stationary 
.....do.... 



Stationary. 
....do 



Harrington 

Sprague 

Wilbur 

Mason County: 

Shelton do 

Okanogan County: 

Loomis J 

Pacific County: 

Ilwaco 

Southbend ' 

Pierce County: 

Buckley | 1 , 200, 000 

Carbonado 

Orting 



20,000 



Stationary. 



Puyallup 

South Tacoma. 

Sumner 

Tacoma 



150,000 Increasing. 



8, 000, 000 



Stationary . 



Varia- Effect of 

Hon in pumping 

wiitcr mi water 
level. level. 



No... 



Yes . . 



yes. 



No. 
No. 



No .... 

Yes... 

Yes... Little... 

Yes 



No. 



Yes 
No ... . 



Yes . . 
Yes . . 



No 
No. 



No ... . 

Yes 



Yes . . . 

Yes... 

No.... 

Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 

No ... . 

No.... 
Yes . . . 
No ... . 



Yes. 



No. 



Yes. 
No.. 



No. 
No. 



Yes . 

No.. 



No. 
No. 

No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 



No.. 

Yes. 



Yes.. 
Yes.. 



Yes. 



No. 



Very lit- 
tle. 

No 

Yes 



No. 



Other uses besides 

domestic supply. 



Nolle. 

Boiler supply. 

None. 

None. 

Fire protection. 

irrigation. 

None. 

Do. 

Boiler supply. 

Fire protection and 
boiler supply. 

Fire, irrigation, etc, 

None. 

Fire protection and 
boiler supply. 

None. 

Do. 

Fire protection and 
boiler supply. 

Irrigation, fire pro- 
tection and boiler 
supply. 

Irrigation and boiler 
supply. 

Fire protection and 
boiler purposes. 

Irrigation and fire 
protection. 

None. 
Do. 

Irrigation and fire 
protection. 

Do. 

Do. 

Irrigation. 

Fire protection. 

Boiler supply. 

None. 
Boiler supply. 

Fire protection. 
Boiler supply. 
None. 

Do. 
Boiler supply. 



Boiler supply, lire 
protection, etc. 



78 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OE WASHINGTON. 



[NO. 111. 



Municipal water supplies in Washington — Continued. 



Location. 


Amount of 
water ob- 
tained 
daily. 


Increase or decrease 
in supply. 


Varia- 
tion in 
water 
level. 


Effect of 

pumping 

on water 

level. 


Other uses besides 
domestic supply. 


San Juan County: 


Gallons. 








Boiler supply. 
Do. 


Skagit County: 






Yes . . . 
Yes . . . 


No 

No 






do 










Do. 








No.... 
No.... 


No 

No 




Snohomish County: 






















Yes . . . 

Yes . . . 

Yes... 


Yes 

No 

Yes 










er supply, etc. 
None. 








Do. 








Boiler supply and 
concentrator. 


















No.... 




Boiler supply. 
Fire protection. 


Spokane County: 

Cheney 






No.... 
Yes... 


No 

Yes 


Hillyard 






Irrigation. 


Latah 








Medical Lake 












Stevens County: 

Bossburg 










' 


Colville 






No.... 


No 




Marcus 








Northport 












Springdale 






No.... 


No 


Boiler supply. 


Thurston County: 


3, 000, 000 






Tenino 




Yes . . . 


Yes 


er supply, etc. 


Wallawalla County: 

Waitsburg 








Walla Walla 






Yes . . . 




Fire protection. 
Boiler supply. 


Whatcom County: 

Blaine 






Yes . . . 




Fairhaven 










Boiler supply and 


Sumas 






No.... 


No 


fire protection. 


Whatcom 






Boiler supply and 


Whitman County: 

Colfax 










Are protection. 
Do. 


Oakesdale 










Fire protection. 




300, 000 


Decreasing 


No.... 

No.... 
No.... 


Yes 

No 

No 


Boiler supply and 
fire protection. 


Tekoa 






do 


Street sprinkling. 
Irrigation. 


Yakima County: 

North Yakima 












No.... 


No 


Do. 











■ \\i>i ». | 



TABLE OF SPRINGS. 
Representative springs in Washington. 



79 



Count\ and post office. 



Ailnms County: 

Washtucna 15 

Chelan I lounty: 

Wenatchee 22 

cinrk County: 

Vancouver l 



Columbia County 
Dayton 

King County: 
Berlin 



[ssaquah 



Kent .. . 
McCain 

Kenton 



Klickitat County: 

Glen wood 

Do 

Goldendale . . 
Lincoln County: 
Davenport ... 



Harrington 

Do 

Do 

Sherman... 
Mason County: 

Shelton 

Pierce County: 
Carbonado . 



Orting 



Puyallup 

Skamania County: 

Cascades 

Spokane County: 

Latah 

Stevens County: 

Colville 

WallawalTa County: 

Walla Walla .... 
Yakima County: 

Fort Simcoe 



i; 



i iwner of spring. 



ki.W. Basset! .. 
George Brisson 



3,4 Vancouver Wa- 
terworks Co. 



3 I City of Davton 



Topographic 
position. 



Have of bluff. 

do 

Hillside 



Quantity of flow. 



.do 



Everett Bottling do 

Works. 



Water 



Oilman 

Co. 

Town of Kent 

T. G. McCain 



Seattle Electric 
Co. 



Head of can von 



Base of steep hill. 
Foot of mountain 
Hillside 



United States Valley 

■•••do j Base of bluff. 

In canyon ... 

Base of bluff. 



Town of Daven- 
port. 

J. L. Ball 

J. E. Ludy 

L. T. Luper 

H. B. Fletcher.... 



Deep valley 

Valley 

....do 



Town of Shelton . 

Carbon Hill Coal 
Co. 

Orting Light and 
Water Co. 

City of Tacoma... 
Thomas Moffat t .. 



Hillside 



William Forth- 
man. 



City of Walla 
Walla. 



do 

do 

Base of bluff. 



Hillside 

Base of bluff... 

J. U. Hofeteta . . . . | Valley 

do 

Yakima Indians..! Narrow valley. 



Gallons. 



"10 

«8 

'• L.750. i 



b 500, 000 

«3 

b 183, 013 



b 360,000 
«2 

b 28.800 



b 18,000,000 

b 25,000 

&720 



b 57,600 



a Miner's inches 



b Daily. 



80 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. 

Representative springs in Washington — Continued. 



[NO. ill. 



County and post-office. 


Variation in flow. 


Taste. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Quality of 
water. 


Kind of 
rock. 


Adams County: 




Pleasant... 
do 

do 


°F. 
40 

55 


Soft 

Hard 

Soft 
do ... 




Chelan County: 


Decreases in flow in au- 
tumn. 


Do 


Clarke County: 




Columbia County: 




do 






King County: 








Alkaline.. 
Soft 

do 


Syenite. 




do 






Kent 




do 










Sulphur . . . 


122 


Sjilphur .. 
Soft 






Diminishes in autumn . 




Klickitat County: 


...do 






Do 


do , 


Unpleasant 
Mineral . . . 


76 
100 


Cnarged 
with gas. 

do.... 

Soft 

do .... 


Do. 




do 


Do 


Lincoln County: 


Decreases in summer . . . 












Do 

Do 


Decreases in summer. . . 


Pleasant... 
....:do 


45 


do.... 
do 


Basalt. 




do 


do 




do 




Mason County: 

Shelton 


do 


do 




do 




Pierce County: 




do 


54 


do.... 
do.... 








do 






do 


do 




do.... 




Skamania County: 


do 


Sulphur . . . 


96 


Sulphur, 
iron, etc. 

Soft 

do.... 




Spokane County: - 


Maximum in spring 




Stevens County: 
Colville .. 


do 






Wallawalla County: 
Walla Walla 


do... 


do 




do.... 




Yakima County: 


do 


Soda 


Warm .. 


Charged 
with gas. 











LANDE8. | 



TABLE OF SPRINGS. 

Representative springs in Washington — Continued. 



81 



( lounty and post-office. 


Seeps Or 

stream. 


Deposits 
Of mill 

era! mat 
ter about 
spring. 


1 -e of water. 


Improvements 
at spring. 


inning e 
ments con- 
templated. 


Adams County: 


Stream 

do 


None . . . 
....do... 


Town supply and 
irrigation. 

Domestic and irri- 
gation. 

City watersupply 

do 






( 'lielati County: 


do 

do 

do 


Ho 


Clarke County: 


do 




Do. 


Columbia County: 


Seeps OUt . 

Stream 

do 


do... 


Do. 


King County: 


Iron 

None . . . 
....do... 


None so far 

Town supply 

do 


do 

do 

do 

Hotel 


Hotel. 








do 


Storage res- 
ervoir. 


McCain 


Seeps out 
do 


do... 
....do... 


Medicinal and 
bathing. 

Town supply 

None 

do 






hotel. 


Klickitat County: 


Stream 
do ...... 


Iron 


do 

do 

do 

do 


Do. 


Do 


Do. 




do 




do 




Lincoln County: 


do 


None . . . 
do . 


City supply 


a bath 
house. 








Do 


Stream 

do 


do 


do 




Do. 


Do 


....do... 


do 


do 

do 

do 

... .do 

do 

do 

Hotel a n d 

hath house. 


Do. 




do 


....do . 


do 


Do. 


Mason County: 


do 


do . . . 
....do ... 


Town supply 

do 


Do. 


Pierce County: 

Carbonado 


do 


.Do. 


Orting 


do 


do . . . 
....do ... 


Domestic 

City supply 

Medicinal, domes- 
tic 


Do. 


Puyallup 


do 


Do. 


Skamania County: 


Seeps out , 


do... 








Spokane County: 


Domestic 

Town supply 


house. 


Stevens County: 

Colville 


Seeps out . . . 

Stream 

Seeps out . . . 


do... 

do... 

Iron .... 


do 

do 


Do. 


Wallawalla County: 
Walla Walla 


Do. 


Yakima County: 


Bathing 


do 


Do. 







IKK 111—05- 



INDEX 



Page. 

Aberdeen, water supply of 11,69,71,74,76 

Adams County, general features of 7-8 

municipal water-supply systems in 8, 

69,71,74,76 

springs in 9,79,80,81 

wells, deep, in 8-9,65,66,67,68,69,71,74,76 

Anacortes, water supply of 43,70,73,75,78 

Arlington, water supply of 45, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Asotin, water supply of 9-10 

Asotin County, general features of 9 

municipal water-supply systems in 9-10, 

69,71,74,76 

wells in 10 

Auburn, water supply of 23,69,72,74,77 

Ballard, water supply of 23,69,72,74,77 

Berlin, spring at 26,79,80,81 

Blaine, water supply of 56,71,73,76,78 

Bossburg, water supply of 51, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Bremerton, water supply of 27,69,72,74,77 

Buckley, water supply of 39, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Byers, H.G., analyses by. 11,24,25,31,40,46,47,54 

Carbonado, water supply of 39, 

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Cascades, spring at 44,79,80,81 

Castle Rock, water supply of 17,69,71,74,76 

Centralia, water supply of 33, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Charleston, water supply of 28, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Chehalis County, general features of 10-1 1 

municipal water-supply systems and 

wells in 11-12,69,71,74,76 

Chelan, water supply of 13, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Chelan County, general features of 12 

municipal water-supply systems in 13, 

69,71,74,76 

springs in 13,79,80,81 

Cheney, water supply of 48, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Clallam County, general features of 13-14 

municipal water-supply systems and 

wells in 14,69,71,74,76 

Clarke County, general features of 15 

municipal water-supply systems and 

wells in 15,69,71,74,76 

springs in 15,79,80,81 

Clarkston, water supply of 10 

Clealum, water supply of 29, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Clover Creek, water from, analysis of 40 

Colfax, water supply of 58,71,73,76,78 

Columbia City, water supply of... 24,69,72,74,77 
Columbia County, general features of 16 

municipal systems in 16,69 71,74,76 

springs in 16, 79, 80, 81 

Colville, water supply of 51, 

65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81 



Page. 

Connell, well at 21,65,66,67,68 

Cosmopolis, water supply at 11,69,71,74,76 

Coupeville, wells at 66,67,68,69 

Cowlitz County, general features of 16-17 

municipal systems in 17,69,71,74, 76 

Cunningham, well at 9,65,66,67,68 

Davenport, water supply of 34, 

35,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 
Dayton, water supply of . . 16, 69, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81 
Douglas County, general features of 17-18 

municipal systems and wells in 18- 

20,69,72,74,77 

Edmunds, water supply of 46, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Ellensburg, water supply of 29,62,74,77 

Enumclaw, water supply of 24, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Everett, water supply of 46, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Fairhaven, water supply of 56, 71 , 73, 76, 78 

Fort Simcoe, spring at 79,80,81 

Franklin County, general features of 20 

springs in 21 

wells, deep, in 21,65,66,67,68 

Friday Harbor, water supply of... 42,71,73,75,78 

Fulmer, Elton, analysis by 59 

Glenwood, spring near 31,79,80,81 

Goldendale, water supply of 31, 70, 72, 74, 77 

Hamilton, water supply of 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Harrington, water supply of 34, 

35,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Hillyard, water supply of 49, 

50, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Hoquiam, water supply at 11, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Ilwaco, water supply of 38, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Island County, wells in 66, 67, 68, 69 

Issaquah, water supply of 24, 

26, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81 
Jefferson County, general features of 21-22 

municipal systems and wells in 22, 

69, 72, 74, 77 

Kalama, water supply of 17, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Kent, water supply of . 24, 26, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81 
King County, general features of 22-23 

municipal systems in 23-25, 69, 72, 74, 77 

springs in . . 26-27, 79, 80, 81 

Kitsap County, general features of 27 

municipal systems in 27-28, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Kittitas County, general features of 28-29 

municipal systems in 29-30, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Klickitat County, general features of 30 

municipal systems in 31, 70, 72, 74, 77 

springs in 31-32, 79, 80, 81 

Knight, H. G., analyses by 19, 26, 28 

Laconner, water supply of 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Lake. See next word of name. 

83 



84 



INDEX. 



Lakeside, water supply of 13, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Latah, water supply of . . 49, 70, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81 

Lewis County, general features of 32 

municipal systems in 32, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Lincoln County, general features of 33 

municipal systems and wells in. 34, 70, 72, 75, 77 

springs in 34-35, 79, 80, 81 

Loomis, water supply of 37, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Madison, springs near 26 

Maplewood Springs, water supply derived 

from. 39, 41, 70, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81 

Marcas, water supply of 51, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Mariner, G. A., analyses by 49 

Marysville, water supply of 46, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Mason County, general features of 35 

municipal systems and wells in. 36, 70, 72, 75, 77 . 

springs in 36, 79, 80, 81 

Medical Lake, water supply of 48, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Monroe, water supply of 46, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Monte Cristo, water supply of 47, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Montesano, water supply at . . . 11-12,69,71,74,76 

Moses Lake, description of 19 

Mount Vernon, water supply of . . . 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 
Municipal water-supply systems, in Adams 

County 8, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Asotin County 9-10, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Chehalis County 1 1-12, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Chelan County 13, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Clallam County 14, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Clarke County 15, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Columbia County 16, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Cowlitz County 17, 69, 71, 74, 76 

in Douglas County 18-20, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in Jefferson County 22, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in King County 23-25, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in Kitsap County 27-28, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in Kittitas County 29-30, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in Klickitat County 31, 70, 72, 74, 77 

in Lewis County 33, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Lincoln County 34, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Mason County 36, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Okanogan County 37, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Pacific County 38, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Pierce County 39-40, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in San Juan County 42, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Skagit County 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Snohomish County 45-47, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Spokane County 48-49, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Stevens County 51, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Thurston County 52, 71, 73, 75, 78 

in Wallawalla County 54, 71, 73, 76, 78 

in Whatcom County 56, 71 , 73, 76, 78 

in Whitman County 58-59, 71, 73, 76, 78 

in Yakima County 62-63, 71 , 73, 76, 78 

North Yakima, water supply of 62, 

63,66,67,68,71,73,76,78 

Northport, water supply of 51, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Oakesdale, water supply of 58, 71, 73, 76, 78 

Ocosta, water supply at 12,69,71,74,76 

Okanogan County, general features of 36-37 

municipal systems in 37, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Olympia, water supply of 52, 71, 73, 75, 78 

Orting, water supply of 39, 

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Pacific County, general features of 37-38 

municipal systems in 38, 70, 72, 75, 77 



Padden, Lake, water from, analysis of 56 

Palouse, water supply of 59-60, 66, 67, 68 

Pe Ell, water supply of 33, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Pierce County, general features of 38-39 

municipal systems in 39-40, 70, 72, 75, 77 

springs in. 39,40,41,79,80,81 

Port Angeles, water supply of . . . .. 14, 69, 71, 74, 76 
Port Blakeley, water supply of . . . 28, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Port Crescent, water supply of 14, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Port Gamble, water supply of 28, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Port Ludlow, water supply at 22, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Port Townsend, water supply at . . 22, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Prosser, water supply of 63, 71, 73, 76, 78 

Pullman, water supply of. 59, 60, 66, 68, 71, 73, 76, 78 

Puyallup, water supply of 39, 

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Rainfall in Adams County 8 

in Asotin County 9 

in Chelan County 12 

in Clallam County 13 

in Clarke County 15 

in Columbia County 16 

in Cowlitz County 17 

in Douglas County 18 

in Franklin County 20 

in Jefferson County. .". 22 

in King County 22 

in Kitsap County 27 

in Kittitas County 29 

in Klickitat County 30 

in Lewis County 32 

in Lincoln County 33 

in Mason County 35 

in Okanogan County 37 

in Pacific County 38 

in Pierce County 38 

in San Juan County 41 

in Skagit County 42 

in Skamania County 44 

in Snohomish County 45 

in Spokane County : 48 

in Stevens County 50 

in Thurston County 52 

in Wallawalla County 53 

in Whatcom County 55 

in Whitman County 57 

in Yakima County 62 

Renton, water supply of 25, 

27, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, SO, 81 
Ritzville, water supply system at.. 8,69,71,74,76 

Roslyn, water supply of 30, 62, 74, 77 

San Juan County, general features of 41-42 

municipal systems in 42, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Sanitarium Lake. See Soap Lake. 

Seattle, water supply of 25, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Shelton, water supply of . 36, 70, 72, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81 

Sherman, spring near 35, 79, 80, 81 

SD verton, water supply of 47, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Skagit County, general features of 42-43 

municipal systems in 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Skamania County, general features of 44 

springs in 44, 79, 80, 81 

Snohomish, water supply of 47, 70, 73, 75, 78 

Snohomish County, general features of 45 

municipal systems in 45,47,70,73,75,78 

Soap Lake, description of 19-20 



INDEX. 



85 



Page. 
Soul h Tacoma, water supply of... 10,70,72,75,77 

Southbend, water supply of 38,70,72, 7."., 77 

Spokane, water supply of 49 

Spokane County, general teal urea of 17 is 

municipal systems and wells in 18 19, 

70,73,75,78 

springs In 50, 79, 80, 81 

Sprague, water supply of 34,70,72,75,77 

Spring water, analysis of, from Berlin 26 

analysis of, from Great Northern Hoi 

Springs 27 

from Bremerton 28 

from uear Goldendale 31 

Springdale, water supply of 51,70,73,75,78 

Springs, in Adams County 9,79,80,81 

in Chelan County 13,79,80,81 

in Clark County 15,79,80,81 

in Columbia County 16,79,80,81 

in Franklin County 21 

in King County 26-27,79,80,81 

in Kitsap County 28 

in Kittitas County 29,69,72,74 

in Klickitat County 31-32,79,80,81 

in Lincoln County 34-35, 79, 80, 81 

in Mason County 36,79,80,81 

in Pacific County . . . ; 38, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Pierce County 39, 40, 41, 79, 80, 81 

in Skagit County 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Skamania County 44,79,80,81 

in Spokane County 50, 79, 80, 81 

in Stevens County 51,79,80,81 

in Thurston County 52,71,73,75,78 

in Walla walla County. 54, 71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81 

in Whatcom County 56, 71, 73, 76, 78 

in Yakima County 64, 79, 80, 81 

Stevens County, general features of 50-51 

municipal systems in 51, 70, 73, 75, 78 

springs in 51 , 79, 80, 81 

wells in 51, 65, 66, 67, 68 

Sumas, water supply of 56,71,73,76,78 

Sumner, water supply of 40, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Tacoma, water supply of 40, 70, 72, 75, 77 

Tanzer, G. L., analysis by 46 

Tekoa, water supply of 59,60,66,67,68,71,73,76,78 

Tenino, water supply of 52, 71, 73, 75, 78 

Thurston County, general features of 52 

municipal systems in 52, 71, 73-, 75, 78 

wells in 53, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 75, 78 

Uniontown, water supply of 59,71,73,76,78 

Vancouver, springs near 15, 79, 80, 81 

water supply of 15, 69, 71, 74, 76 

Waitsburg, water supply of 54,71,73,76,78 

Walla Walla, water supply of 54, 

66,67,68,71,73,76,78,79,80,81 

Walla walla County, general features of 53-54 

municipal systems in 54,71,73,76,78 



w allawalla County, springs in 54,71, 

73,76,78,79,80,81 

wells in 54,66, or, lis, 69, 76 

Washtucna, spring near 9,79,80,81 

Water supply systems. S< e Municipal wa- 
ter supply systems. 
Well water, analysis of. from Aberdeen.... n 

analysis of, from Port Townsend '.''_' 

from Ballard 24 

Wells, in Adams County 8 9, 

65,66,67,68,69,71,74,76 

in Asotin County 10 

in Chehalis County 11,12,60,71,74,76 

in Clallam County 14,69,71,74,76 

in Clarke County 15,69,71,74,76 

in Cowlitz County 17 

in Douglas County 18,69,72,74,77 

in Franklin County 21, 65, 66, 67, 68 

in Jefferson County 22, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in King County 2:<-25, 69, 72, 74, 77 

in Kittitas County 30, 74, 77 

in Klickitat County 31, 74, 77 

in Lewis County 33, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Lincoln County 34, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in Mason County 34 . 75 

in Okanoga n County 37, 75 

in Pacific County 38, 75 

in Pierce County :-9, 40, 70, 72, 75, 77 

in San Juan County 42, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Skagit County 43, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Snohomish County 46,47,70,73,75,78 

in Spokane County 49, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 78 

in Stevens County 51, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75 

in Thurston County 53, 

65,66,67,68,71,73,75,78 

in Walla walla County 54, 66, 67, 68, 69, 76 

in Whatcom County 56, 71, 73, 70. 78 

in Whitman County 58, 

59, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 76, 78 

in Yakima County 63-64, 66, 67, 68, 76 

Wenatchee, spring near 13, 79, 80, 81 

water supply of 13,69,71,74,76 

West Seattle, water supply of 25, 69, 72, 74, 77 

Whatcom, water supply of 56, 71, 73, 76, 78 

Whatcom, Lake, water from, analysis of... 57 

Whatcom County, general features of 55 

municipal systems in 56, 71, 73, 76, 78 

Whitman County, general features of 57-58 

municipal systems in 58-59, 71, 73, 76, 78 

wells in 59-60, 66, 67, 68 

Wilbur, water supply of 34, 70, 72, 7.".. 77 

Wilsoncreek, water supply of 18,69,72,74,77 

Yakima County, general features of 60-62 

municipal systems in 62-63, 71, 73, 76, 78 

springs in 64, 79, 80, 81 

wells in 63-64, 66, 67, 68, 76 



o 



LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. 

[Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the top of tin- 
second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the scries 
card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first 
entry.] 



Landes, Henry, 1867 — 

. . . Preliminary report on the underground waters of 
Washington, by Henry Landes. Washington, Gov't 
print, off., 1905. 

85 p., 1 1. pi. (chart) 23 cm . (U. S. Geological survey. Water-supply 
and irrigation paper no. 111.) 

Subject series: O, Underground Waters, 29. 
1. Water, Underground — Washington. 



Landes, Henry, 1867 — 

. . . Preliminary report on the underground waters of 
Washington, by Henry Landes. Washington, Gov't 
print, off., 1905. 

85 p., 1 1. pi. (chart) 23 cm . (U. S. Geological survey. Water-supply 
and irrigation paper no. 111. ) 

Subject series: 0, Underground Waters, 29. 
1. Water, Underground — Washington. 



U. S. Geological survey. 

Water-supply and irrigation papers. 

no. in. Landes, H. Preliminary report on the under- 
ground waters of Washington. 1905. 

U. S. Dept. of the Interior. 
see also 
U. S. Geological survey. 



IAR 21 1905 



Series K— Pumping Water. 

\vs l. Pumping water for Irrigation, by H. M. Wilson. 1896, 57 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 8. Windmills for irrigation, by E. C. Murphy. 1897. 49pp., 8pls. 

Ws 11. Now tests of certain pumps ami water lifts used in irrigation, by O. P. Hood. 1S98. 91 pp., 

lpl. 
ws 20. Experiments with windmills, by T. O. Perry. 1899. 97 pp., 12 pis. 
ws 29. Wells and windmills in Nebraska, by E. H. Barbour. 1899. 85 pp., 27 pis. 
ws n. The windmill; its efficiency and economic use, Pt. I, by K. C. Murphy. 1901, 72 pp., M pis. 
ws u. The windmill, Pt. II (continuation of No. 41). 1901. 78-147 pp., 15-16 pis. 
WS 91. Natural features and econoniie development of Sandusky, Mauraoe, Muskingum, and Miami 
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WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 22. Sewage irrigation, Pt. II. by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 72. Sewage pollution in the metropolitan area near New York City and its effect on inland 
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WS 70. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 
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WS 7'.). Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. O. Leighton. 1903. 192 pp. 

WS 103. A review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by E. B. 
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WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. O. Leighton, with intro- 
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WS 56. Methods of stream measurement. 1901. 51 pp., 12 pis. 

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WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 

108 pp., 13 pis. 
WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, by G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. 
WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 88. The Passaic flood of 1902, by G B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 66 pp., 15 pis. 
WS 91. The natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, 

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WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. O. Leighton. 1904. 48 pp., 7 pis. 
WS 94. Hydrographic manual of the United States Geological Survey, byE. C. Murphy, J. C. Hoyt, 

and G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 3 pis. 
WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements; revised and enlarged edition of paper No. 64, by 

E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169 pp., 6 pis. 
WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. 
WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basiu, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson. 1905. 

— pp., 28 pis. 

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WS 24. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 92 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 25. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100-200 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 44. Profiles of rivers, by Henry Gannett. 1901. 100 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 62. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. I, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 

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WS 107. Water powers of Alabama and water supply of rivers in Mississippi, by B. M. Hall. 1904. 

253 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson. 1905. 

- pp., 28 pis. 

[Continued on fourth page of cover.] 
ikr 111—3 



Series O— Underground Waters. 

WS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 65 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 7. Seepage waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 50 pp., 3 pis. 

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WS 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 7 pis. 

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WS 34. Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 

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WS 53. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. I, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 

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WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. O. Smith. 1901. 

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WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. 
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WS 67. The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pis. 
B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 

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WS 77. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by 

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WS 104. Underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp., 5 pis. 
WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 110. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologist in 

charge. 1905. —pp., 5 pis. 
PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 
WS 111. Preliminary report on the underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1905. 
The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas Valley in eastern 
Colorado, by G. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on artesian waters of a 
portion of the Dakotas, by N. H. Darton, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Illinois, 
by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank 
Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV: New developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern 
South Dakota, by N. H. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of Ohio, by Edward 
Orton, in Nineteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region, by 
N. H. Darton, Bulletin No. 138. 

Series P— Hydrographic Progress Reports. 

Progress reports may be found in the following publications: For 1888-89, Tenth Annual, Pt. II; for 
1889-90, Eleventh Annual, Pt. II; for 1890-91, Twelfth Annual, Pt. II; for 1891-92, Thirteentli Annual, 
Pt. Ill; for 1893-94, B. 131; for 1895, B. 140; for 1896, Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 11; for 1897, Nine- 
teenth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 15, 16; for 1898, Twentieth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 27, 28; for 1899, Twenty-first 
Annual, Pt. IV, WS 35-39; for 1900, Twenty-second Annual, Pt. IV, WS 47-52; for 1901, WS 65, 66, 76; for 
1902, WS 82-85; for 1903, WS 97-100. 

Correspondence should be addressed to 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 

IRR 111—4 



LB S '05 



s 



